Cytosolic And Membrane Proteins In Plant Cytokinesis

1999 ◽  
Vol 5 (S2) ◽  
pp. 1248-1249
Author(s):  
S. Y. Bednarek ◽  
C. Dickey
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
De Novo ◽  
Higher Plants ◽  
Cell Plate ◽  
Equatorial Region ◽  
Yeast Cells ◽  
Daughter Cells ◽  
Cytoskeletal Structure ◽  
Plant Cytokinesis ◽  
Common Cell

The mechanism of cytokinesis in higher plants is distinct from that of animal and yeast cells. Dividing plant cells are separated by the de novo construction of the cell-plate across the inside of the cell. Assembly of this new organelle is directed by a specialized cytoskeletal structure called the phragmoplast, a unique macromolecular scaffold that appears late in mitosis and is composed of intermediate filaments, microfilaments, and microtubules. Secretory vesicles are guided along the phragmoplast cytoskeleton toward the equatorial region of the structure where they coalesce and fuse to form a membranous tubular-vesicular network within which cell wall biosynthesis is initiated. A smoother more plate-like structure develops and extends radially outward as additional vesicles are added to the growing margin of the cell-plate until it ultimately fuses with the parental plasma membrane yielding two daughter cells separated by a common cell wall and extracellular space.

Plant cytokinesis: a tale of membrane traffic and fusion

2015 ◽  
Vol 43 (1) ◽  
pp. 73-78 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gerd Jürgens ◽  
Misoon Park ◽  
Sandra Richter ◽  
Sonja Touihri ◽  
Cornelia Krause ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Higher Plants ◽  
Membrane Vesicles ◽  
Cell Plate ◽  
Division Plane ◽  
Daughter Cells ◽  
Division Site ◽  
Plant Cytokinesis ◽  
M Phase ◽  
Golgi Network ◽  
Sm Protein

Cytokinesis separates the forming daughter cells. Higher plants have lost the ability to constrict the plasma membrane (PM) in the division plane. Instead, trans-Golgi network (TGN)-derived membrane vesicles are targeted to the centre of the division plane and generate, by homotypic fusion, the partitioning membrane named cell plate (CP). The CP expands in a centrifugal fashion until its margin fuses with the PM at the cortical division site. Mutant screens in Arabidopsis have identified a cytokinesis-specific syntaxin named KNOLLE and an interacting Sec1/Munc18 (SM) protein named KEULE both of which are required for vesicle fusion during cytokinesis. KNOLLE is only made during M-phase, targeted to the division plane and degraded in the vacuole at the end of cytokinesis. Here we address mechanisms of KNOLLE trafficking and interaction of KNOLLE with different soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor (NSF) attachment protein (SNAP) receptor (SNARE) partners and with SM-protein KEULE, ensuring membrane fusion in cytokinesis.

scholarly journals Cytokinesis in fra2 Arabidopsis thaliana p60-katanin Mutant: Defects in Cell Plate/Daughter Wall Formation

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emmanuel Panteris ◽  
Anna Kouskouveli ◽  
Dimitris Pappas ◽  
Ioannis-Dimosthenis S. Adamakis
Keyword(s):  
Arabidopsis Thaliana ◽  
Cell Wall ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Higher Plants ◽  
Cell Plate ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Microtubule Organization ◽  
Root Cells ◽  
Wall Formation ◽  
In The Wild

Cytokinesis is accomplished in higher plants by the phragmoplast, creating and conducting the cell plate, to separate daughter nuclei by a new cell wall. The microtubule-severing enzyme p60-katanin plays an important role in the centrifugal expansion and timely disappearance of phragmoplast microtubules. Consequently, aberrant structure and delayed expansion rate of the phragmoplast occur in p60-katanin mutants. Here, the consequences of p60-katanin malfunction in cell plate/daughter wall formation were investigated by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), while deviations in the chemical composition of cell plate/new cell wall were identified by immunolabeling and confocal microscopy, in root cells of the fra2 Arabidopsis thaliana mutant. It was found that, apart from defective phragmoplast microtubule organization, cell plates/new cell walls appeared also faulty in structure, being unevenly thick and perforated by large gaps. In addition, demethylesterified homogalacturonans were prematurely present in fra2 cell plates, while callose content was significantly lower than in the wild-type. Furthermore, KNOLLE syntaxin disappeared from newly formed cell walls in fra2 earlier than in the wild-type. Taken together, these observations indicate that delayed cytokinesis, due to faulty phragmoplast organization and expansion, results in a loss of synchronization between cell plate growth and its chemical maturation.

Symmetric and Asymmetric Mitosis and Cytokinesis in the Root Tip of Hydrocharis Morsus-Ranae L

1972 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 723-737
Author(s):  
ELIZABETH G. CUTTER ◽  
CHING-YUAN HUNG
Keyword(s):  
Daughter Cell ◽  
Metaphase Plate ◽  
Cell Plate ◽  
Equatorial Region ◽  
Root Tip ◽  
Daughter Cells ◽  
Asymmetric Divisions ◽  
Spindle Microtubules ◽  
Asymmetric Mitosis ◽  
Dictyosome Vesicles

In the roots of Hydrocharis morsus-ranae, certain cells of the protoderm divide asymmetrically to form a small, highly cytoplasmic trichoblast proximally, and a larger, more vacuolate epidermal cell distally. The former develops as a root hair without further division; the latter divides several times to form ordinary epidermal cells. During mitosis, presumed dictyosome vesicles and fragments or sections of reticulated or serrate sheets of ER, aligned with the spindle microtubules, were observed among the chromosomes as early as metaphase, suggesting that the portions of ER were involved in formation of the cell plate or in some other function in the equatorial region. A pre-prophase band of microtubules was not observed. Asymmetric divisions differ from symmetric ones in the skewed orientation of the metaphase plate, the formation of a curved, rather wavy cell wall and the slightly greater vacuolation of one daughter cell. Less difference in the ultrastructure of the daughter cells resulting from an asymmetric division was observed in this rather slowly growing material than in other examples previously described in the literature.

scholarly journals Cytokinesis in fra2 Arabidopsis thaliana p60-Katanin Mutant: Defects in Cell Plate/Daughter Wall Formation

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 1405
Author(s):  
Emmanuel Panteris ◽  
Anna Kouskouveli ◽  
Dimitris Pappas ◽  
Ioannis-Dimosthenis S. Adamakis
Keyword(s):  
Arabidopsis Thaliana ◽  
Cell Wall ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Higher Plants ◽  
Cell Plate ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Microtubule Organization ◽  
Root Cells ◽  
Wall Formation ◽  
In The Wild

Cytokinesis is accomplished in higher plants by the phragmoplast, creating and conducting the cell plate to separate daughter nuclei by a new cell wall. The microtubule-severing enzyme p60-katanin plays an important role in the centrifugal expansion and timely disappearance of phragmoplast microtubules. Consequently, aberrant structure and delayed expansion rate of the phragmoplast have been reported to occur in p60-katanin mutants. Here, the consequences of p60-katanin malfunction in cell plate/daughter wall formation were investigated by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), in root cells of the fra2 Arabidopsis thaliana loss-of-function mutant. In addition, deviations in the chemical composition of cell plate/new cell wall were identified by immunolabeling and confocal microscopy. It was found that, apart from defective phragmoplast microtubule organization, cell plates/new cell walls also appeared faulty in structure, being unevenly thick and perforated by large gaps. In addition, demethylesterified homogalacturonans were prematurely present in fra2 cell plates, while callose content was significantly lower than in the wild type. Furthermore, KNOLLE syntaxin disappeared from newly formed cell walls in fra2 earlier than in the wild type. Taken together, these observations indicate that delayed cytokinesis, due to faulty phragmoplast organization and expansion, results in a loss of synchronization between cell plate growth and its chemical maturation.

scholarly journals Control of plant cytokinesis by an NPK1–mediated mitogen–activated protein kinase cascade

2002 ◽  
Vol 357 (1422) ◽  
pp. 767-775 ◽  
Author(s):  
Takashi Soyano ◽  
Masaki Ishikawa ◽  
Ryuichi Nishihama ◽  
Satoshi Araki ◽  
Mayumi Ito ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Protein Kinase ◽  
Plant Cells ◽  
Cell Plate ◽  
Mitogen Activated Protein Kinase ◽  
Cross Wall ◽  
Daughter Cells ◽  
Plant Cytokinesis ◽  
Mitogen Activated Protein ◽  
Kinase Cascade ◽  
Protein Kinase Cascade

Cytokinesis is the last essential step in the distribution of genetic information to daughter cells and partition of the cytoplasm. In plant cells, various proteins have been found in the phragmoplast, which corresponds to the cytokinetic apparatus, and in the cell plate, which corresponds to a new cross wall, but our understanding of the functions of these proteins in cytokinesis remains incomplete. Reverse genetic analysis of NPK1 MAPKKK (nucleus– and phragmoplast–localized protein kinase 1 mitogen–activated protein kinase kinase kinase) and investigations of factors that might be functionally related to NPK1 have helped to clarify new aspects of the mechanisms of cytokinesis in plant cells. In this review, we summarize the evidence for the involvement of NPK1 in cytokinesis. We also describe the characteristics of a kinesin–like protein and the homologue of a mitogen–activated protein kinase that we identified recently, and we discuss possible relationships among these proteins in cytokinesis.

Budding of melanized Cryptococcus neoformans in the presence or absence of l-dopa

Microbiology ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 149 (7) ◽  
pp. 1945-1951 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joshua D. Nosanchuk ◽  
Arturo Casadevall
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Cryptococcus Neoformans ◽  
De Novo ◽  
Pathogenic Fungus ◽  
Parent Cell ◽  
Daughter Cells ◽  
Substantial Progress ◽  
Mother Cells ◽  
Bud Site ◽  
Dopa Melanin

Cryptococcus neoformans is a pathogenic fungus that produces melanin when incubated in the presence of certain phenolic substrates such as l-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (l-dopa). Melanin is an enigmatic polymer that is deposited in the cell wall and contributes to virulence. Substantial progress has been made in understanding the synthesis of melanin and the mechanisms by which it contributes to virulence, but relatively little is known about how melanin is rearranged during growth and budding. In this study we used transmission and scanning electron microscopy and immunofluorescence of melanized cells and melanin ‘ghosts' to study the process of melanization during replication. Budding in melanized C. neoformans results in focal disruption of cell-wall melanin at the bud site. In the presence of l-dopa, bud-related melanin defects are repaired and daughter cells are melanized. However, in the absence of substrate, mother cells cannot repair their melanin defects and daughter cells are non-melanized. Hence, melanin in the parent cell is not carried to the daughter cells, but rather is synthesized de novo in buds. These results imply that melanin remodelling occurs during cell growth in a process that involves degradation and synthesis at sites of budding.

scholarly journals NMR spectroscopy analysis reveals an altered metabolic homeostasis in Arabidopsis seedlings treated with a cytokinesis inhibitor

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas E. Wilkop ◽  
Minmin Wang ◽  
Angelo Heringer ◽  
Florence Zakharov ◽  
Viswanathan V. Krishnan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hormonal Regulation ◽  
De Novo ◽  
Cell Plate ◽  
Term Treatment ◽  
Resonance Spectroscopy ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Primary Metabolism ◽  
Callose Deposition ◽  
Plant Cytokinesis ◽  
Long Term Treatment

AbstractIn plant cytokinesis, de novo formation of a cell plate evolving into the new cell wall partitions the cytoplasm of the dividing cell. Cell plate formation involves highly orchestrated vesicle accumulation, fusion, and membrane network maturation supported by the temporary integration of elastic and pliable callose. The small molecule, Endosidin 7 (ES7) arrests late cytokinesis in Arabidopsis by inhibiting callose deposition at the cell plate. Its effect is specific, as it does not broadly affect endomembrane trafficking or cytoskeletal organization. It has emerged as a very valuable tool for dissecting this essential plant process. In order to gain deeper insights regarding its mode of action and the effects of cytokinesis inhibition on overall plant growth, we investigated the effect of ES7 through a nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy metabolomics approach. In this case study, profiles of Arabidopsis leaf and root tissues were analyzed at different growth stages and ES7 exposure levels. The results show tissue-specific changes in the plant metabolic profile across a developmental gradient, and the effect that ES7 treatment has on the corresponding metabolome. The ES7 induced profile suggests metabolic compensations in central metabolism pathways in response to cytokinesis inhibition. Further, this study shows that long-term treatment of ES7 disrupts the homeostasis of primary metabolism in Arabidopsis seedlings, likely via alteration of hormonal regulation.

Electron-microscope observations of mitosis and cytokinesis in multinucleate protoplasts of soybean

1975 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 491-507
Author(s):  
L.C. Fowke ◽  
C.W. Bech-Hansen ◽  
O.L. Gamborg ◽  
F. Constabel
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Higher Plants ◽  
Cell Plate ◽  
Enzyme Digestion ◽  
Wall Material ◽  
Cell Wall Material ◽  
Interphase Nuclei ◽  
Cell Plate Formation ◽  
Plate Formation ◽  
Electron Microscopes

Multinucleate soybean protoplasts produced by spontaneous fusion during enzyme digestion of the cell wall initiated cell division after approximately 40 h in culture. The structure of these protoplasts during mitosis and cytokinesis was studied with both light and electron microscopes. Most nuclei did not fuse but divided synchronously. Interphase nuclei was commonly connected by short narrow nuclear bridges. At prophase and metaphase the nuclei appeared typical of those in most higher plants; technical difficulties prevented an adequate examination of protoplasts at anaphase. Telophase was characterized by cytokinesis involving phragmoplast and cell plate formation; however, complete partitioning of the cytoplasm by cell plants was not observed. Numerous coated vesicles were present near to or continuous with the cell plate and plasmalemma. The presence of a few dividing protoplasts with at least double the normal chromosome number suggests that some nuclear fusion occurred prior to mitosis. Very little cell wall material was detected at the margin of the dividing protoplasts.

scholarly journals NMR spectroscopy analysis reveals differential metabolic responses in arabidopsis roots and leaves treated with a cytokinesis inhibitor

PLoS ONE ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (11) ◽  
pp. e0241627
Author(s):  
Thomas E. Wilkop ◽  
Minmin Wang ◽  
Angelo Heringer ◽  
Jaideep Singh ◽  
Florence Zakharov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hormonal Regulation ◽  
De Novo ◽  
Cell Plate ◽  
Term Treatment ◽  
Resonance Spectroscopy ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Primary Metabolism ◽  
Callose Deposition ◽  
Plant Cytokinesis ◽  
Long Term Treatment

In plant cytokinesis, de novo formation of a cell plate evolving into the new cell wall partitions the cytoplasm of the dividing cell. In our earlier chemical genomics studies, we identified and characterized the small molecule endosidin-7, that specifically inhibits callose deposition at the cell plate, arresting late-stage cytokinesis in arabidopsis. Endosidin-7 has emerged as a very valuable tool for dissecting this essential plant process. To gain insights regarding its mode of action and the effects of cytokinesis inhibition on the overall plant response, we investigated the effect of endosidin-7 through a nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR) metabolomics approach. In this case study, metabolomics profiles of arabidopsis leaf and root tissues were analyzed at different growth stages and endosidin-7 exposure levels. The results show leaf and root-specific metabolic profile changes and the effects of endosidin-7 treatment on these metabolomes. Statistical analyses indicated that the effect of endosidin-7 treatment was more significant than the developmental impact. The endosidin-7 induced metabolic profiles suggest compensations for cytokinesis inhibition in central metabolism pathways. This study further shows that long-term treatment of endosidin-7 profoundly changes, likely via alteration of hormonal regulation, the primary metabolism of arabidopsis seedlings. Hormonal pathway-changes are likely reflecting the plant’s responses, compensating for the arrested cell division, which in turn are leading to global metabolite modulation. The presented NMR spectral data are made available through the Metabolomics Workbench, providing a reference resource for the scientific community.

In vitro and in vivo polysaccharides assembly: ultrastructural and cytochemical study of growing plant cell wall components.

1978 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 434-435
Author(s):  
D. Reis ◽  
B. Vian ◽  
J. C. Roland
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Self Assembly ◽  
Plant Cell Wall ◽  
Higher Plants ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Cytochemical Study ◽  
Wall Components

Wall morphogenesis in higher plants is a problem still open to controversy. Until now the possibility of a transmembrane control and the involvement of microtubules were mostly envisaged. Self-assembly processes have been observed in the case of walls of Chlamydomonas and bacteria. Spontaneous gelling interactions between xanthan and galactomannan from Ceratonia have been analyzed very recently. The present work provides indications that some processes of spontaneous aggregation could occur in higher plants during the formation and expansion of cell wall.Observations were performed on hypocotyl of mung bean (Phaseolus aureus) for which growth characteristics and wall composition have been previously defined.In situ, the walls of actively growing cells (primary walls) show an ordered three-dimensional organization (fig. 1). The wall is typically polylamellate with multifibrillar layers alternately transverse and longitudinal. Between these layers intermediate strata exist in which the orientation of microfibrils progressively rotates. Thus a progressive change in the morphogenetic activity occurs.

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