scholarly journals The Standard Language Situation in the Low Countries: Top-Down and Bottom-Up Variations on a Diaglossic Theme

2011 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 199-243 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefan Grondelaers ◽  
Roeland van Hout
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Exact Nature ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Low Countries ◽  
Standard Language ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
20Th Century History ◽  
History Of ◽  
Further Development ◽  
Refined Version

This paper reviews the available evidence in support of a diaglossic account (Auer 2005, 2011) of the 20th century history of Belgian and Netherlandic Dutch, whereby the national varieties of Dutch are argued to be developing towards a stratificational configuration without discrete intermediate strata between the base dialects and the standard. However, we show that the processes leading to diaglossia differ significantly in the two varieties. While the recent history of Netherlandic Dutch is characterized by downward norm relaxation (top to bottom), Belgian Dutch is characterized by bottom-up (re)standardization. Building on a refined version of Auer’s diaglossic model, we reflect on the exact nature of linguistic standardization in the Low Countries and outline scenarios for the further development of Belgian and Netherlandic Dutch.

scholarly journals An historical framework for psychiatric nosology

2009 ◽  
Vol 39 (12) ◽  
pp. 1935-1941 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. S. Kendler
Keyword(s):  
Psychiatric Illness ◽  
Theoretical Orientation ◽  
A Priori ◽  
Early History ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Species Definition ◽  
Psychiatric Nosology ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
History Of

This essay, which seeks to provide an historical framework for our efforts to develop a scientific psychiatric nosology, begins by reviewing the classificatory approaches that arose in the early history of biological taxonomy. Initial attempts at species definition used top-down approaches advocated by experts and based on a few essential features of the organism chosena priori. This approach was subsequently rejected on both conceptual and practical grounds and replaced by bottom-up approaches making use of a much wider array of features. Multiple parallels exist between the beginnings of biological taxonomy and psychiatric nosology. Like biological taxonomy, psychiatric nosology largely began with ‘expert’ classifications, typically influenced by a few essential features, articulated by one or more great 19th-century diagnosticians. Like biology, psychiatry is struggling toward more soundly based bottom-up approaches using diverse illness characteristics. The underemphasized historically contingent nature of our current psychiatric classification is illustrated by recounting the history of how ‘Schneiderian’ symptoms of schizophrenia entered into DSM-III. Given these historical contingencies, it is vital that our psychiatric nosologic enterprise be cumulative. This can be best achieved through a process of epistemic iteration. If we can develop a stable consensus in our theoretical orientation toward psychiatric illness, we can apply this approach, which has one crucial virtue. Regardless of the starting point, if each iteration (or revision) improves the performance of the nosology, the eventual success of the nosologic process, to optimally reflect the complex reality of psychiatric illness, is assured.

scholarly journals Text as Discourse: The Chinese in Canada in Historiographical Perspective

2008 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samantha J Scot
Keyword(s):  
Public Policy ◽  
British Columbia ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
History Of ◽  
Historical Representations ◽  
Denise Chong ◽  
Compare And Contrast

As a historiographical analysis, this essay seeks to understand the idea of historical layering through the topic of Chinese immigration to Canada. It considers the following four works: In the Sea of Sterile Mountains: The Chinese in British Columbia (1974) by James Morton, White Canada Forever: Popular Attitudes and Public Policy Toward Orientals in British Columbia (1978) by W Peter Ward, From China to Canada: A History of the Chinese Communities in Canada (1982) by Harry Con et al., and The Concubine's Children (1994) by Denise Chong. It does so in an effort to compare and contrast their approaches with regard to consensus and specialist histories, top-down and bottom-up approaches, as well as passive and active historical representations.

scholarly journals History of education in Switzerland – historic development and current challenges

2014 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
pp. 223-237
Author(s):  
Michèle Hofmann
Keyword(s):  
Teacher Education ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
History Of Education ◽  
History Of ◽  
Historic Development ◽  
19Th And 20Th Century ◽  
And Function ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Further Development ◽  
Role And Function

As in other countries, history of education in Switzerland is faced with a number of challenges (e.g. job cuts, questioning of the discipline’s role and function). This paper argues that the disci-pline’s current situation can only be adequately understood in light of its eventful history. In a first step this paper therefore deals with the historic development of the history of education in Switzerland. Particular focus is placed on the establishment of the history of education as a part of pedagogy at the institutions of teacher education during the first half of the 19th century and the discipline’s further development over the course of the late 19th and 20th century. In a se-cond step, this paper discusses the consequences for the discipline’s present and future that arise from its specific, historically evolved situation. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15572/ENCO2014.12

scholarly journals From prototypical to prototyping: mass-customization versus 20th century utopias in architecture and urban design

2016 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 160 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gabriela Celani ◽  
Rafael Urano de Carvalho Frajndlich
Keyword(s):  
Urban Design ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Mass Customization ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Bottom Up

Este trabalho procura estabelecer conexões entre as quatro fases da Revolução Industrial e utopias propostas nas áreas de arquitetura e desenho urbano. O artigo começa com uma revisão geral das quatro fases da industrialização, tentando estabelecer conexões com as respectivas tendências arquitetônicas e urbanas em cada etapa. Da mesma maneira que a Segunda Revolução Industrial e seu novo sistema de produção em massa influenciaram as utopias modernas no início do século XX, os métodos da Terceira e Quarta Revoluções Industriais têm impulsionado novas utopias contemporâneas. A fim de ilustrar essa tese, são apresentados exemplos em diferentes escalas: produtos de consumo, componentes construtivos, unidades habitacionais e desenho urbano. Foi possível concluir que a principal diferença entre as utopias modernas e contemporâneas é uma mudança da maneira de pensar "top-down" para processos "bottom-up" nas diferentes escalas. Novos sistemas de CAD paramétrico e novas máquinas de produção pessoal, tais como as fresadoras CNC, cortadoras a laser e impressoras 3D, e o conceito de personalização em massa, estão permitindo que os usuários se tornem mais participantes na produção de seus bens de consumo, residências, e até mesmo os espaços urbanos. O trabalho termina perguntando aos arquitetos e urbanistas quais serão as próximas utopias, com base nas novas tecnologias esperadas para as próximas décadas.

scholarly journals How Jesus Taught His Disciples to Walk With Head Held High

2021 ◽  
Vol I (2) ◽  
pp. 235-248
Author(s):  
Frère Richard
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Jesus Christ ◽  
Research Paper ◽  
Orthodox Church ◽  
Central Section ◽  
Personal Lives ◽  
Birth Place ◽  
20Th Century History ◽  
History Of ◽  
Living Person

In spring 2010, a student of the Orthodox Theological Faculty of Belgrade invited me to visit the well-known monasteries of his region of Valjevo: Celije, Pustinja and Lelich. I had heard of Nicholai Velimirovich before. I knew about his outstanding role in the Serbian Orthodox Church and the 20th century history of the Serbian people. But when I saw his birth place and breathed the air and the spiritual atmosphere of this amazing scenery, he became for me a much more living person. The following text is not a research paper on his homilies, but an exegetical essay. However, I am grateful to the Nicholai Studies for publishing it, since it shares the endeavour which was Nicholai’s: to read and patiently reread the Gospel and to communicate the teaching of Jesus Christ as faithfully as possible so that it may illuminate both our personal lives and the destinies of our nations. The Serbian Chrysostom insisted that we need Christ to open our eyes in order to understand who He is. This is precisely what the central section of Saint Mark’s Gospel, analysed in the present study, is about. It also contains this aspect of Jesus’ teaching which was central for Bishop Nicholai: we will see God’s Kingdom and walk with head held high when we follow in the steps of Jesus, when we, instead of sacrificing the others to our interests, become their servants.

scholarly journals Towards a 20th Century History of Relationships between Theatre and Neuroscience

2014 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 313-332 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gabriele Sofia
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Great Part ◽  
20Th Century History ◽  
History Of

ABSTRACT This article considers some preliminary reflections in view of a 20th century theatre-and-neuroscience history. Up to now, the history of the 20th century theatre has been too fragmentary and irregular, missing out on the subterranean links which, either directly or indirectly, bound different experiences. The article aims to put in evidence the recurrent problems of these encounters. The hypothesis of the essay concerns the possibility of gathering and grouping a great part of the relationships between theatre and neuroscience around four trajectories: the physiology of action, the physiology of emotions, ethology, and studies on the spectator's perception.

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