scholarly journals Text as Discourse: The Chinese in Canada in Historiographical Perspective

2008 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samantha J Scot
Keyword(s):  
Public Policy ◽  
British Columbia ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
History Of ◽  
Historical Representations ◽  
Denise Chong ◽  
Compare And Contrast

As a historiographical analysis, this essay seeks to understand the idea of historical layering through the topic of Chinese immigration to Canada. It considers the following four works: In the Sea of Sterile Mountains: The Chinese in British Columbia (1974) by James Morton, White Canada Forever: Popular Attitudes and Public Policy Toward Orientals in British Columbia (1978) by W Peter Ward, From China to Canada: A History of the Chinese Communities in Canada (1982) by Harry Con et al., and The Concubine's Children (1994) by Denise Chong. It does so in an effort to compare and contrast their approaches with regard to consensus and specialist histories, top-down and bottom-up approaches, as well as passive and active historical representations.

scholarly journals An historical framework for psychiatric nosology

2009 ◽  
Vol 39 (12) ◽  
pp. 1935-1941 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. S. Kendler
Keyword(s):  
Psychiatric Illness ◽  
Theoretical Orientation ◽  
A Priori ◽  
Early History ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Species Definition ◽  
Psychiatric Nosology ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
History Of

This essay, which seeks to provide an historical framework for our efforts to develop a scientific psychiatric nosology, begins by reviewing the classificatory approaches that arose in the early history of biological taxonomy. Initial attempts at species definition used top-down approaches advocated by experts and based on a few essential features of the organism chosena priori. This approach was subsequently rejected on both conceptual and practical grounds and replaced by bottom-up approaches making use of a much wider array of features. Multiple parallels exist between the beginnings of biological taxonomy and psychiatric nosology. Like biological taxonomy, psychiatric nosology largely began with ‘expert’ classifications, typically influenced by a few essential features, articulated by one or more great 19th-century diagnosticians. Like biology, psychiatry is struggling toward more soundly based bottom-up approaches using diverse illness characteristics. The underemphasized historically contingent nature of our current psychiatric classification is illustrated by recounting the history of how ‘Schneiderian’ symptoms of schizophrenia entered into DSM-III. Given these historical contingencies, it is vital that our psychiatric nosologic enterprise be cumulative. This can be best achieved through a process of epistemic iteration. If we can develop a stable consensus in our theoretical orientation toward psychiatric illness, we can apply this approach, which has one crucial virtue. Regardless of the starting point, if each iteration (or revision) improves the performance of the nosology, the eventual success of the nosologic process, to optimally reflect the complex reality of psychiatric illness, is assured.

Orphan Implementations of Public Policy for Conflict-Oriented Issues

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 43-63
Author(s):  
Shulamith Gertel Groome
Keyword(s):  
Public Policy ◽  
Decision Making ◽  
Public Interest ◽  
Policy Process ◽  
Frame Of Reference ◽  
Limited Resources ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
Field Level ◽  
High Level

This paper aims to broaden our understanding of public policy characterized by issues of non-consensus. The idea of flexible, independent administrative decision-making for a conflict-oriented policy-type is addressed in terms of chronological constructions of policy process. Distributions of limited resources are a source of public contention likely to draw ambiguous high-level policy decisions that lack practical administrative directives. Conflicting institutional, professional and stakeholder influences, at various levels of policy processes, illuminate circumstances fostering implementations incongruent with politically motivated macro-declarations. Yet, this does not necessarily represent failed policy. A reevaluation of administrative systems, by critical deconstruction of the dominant top-down discourse, provides a frame of reference for valid divergent implementations. A conceptual progression from field-level interpretation and adaptation of macro policy, initiatory orphan implementations emerge as policy itself. This revised bottom-up modality of the policy process implies a working balance of combined outputs, providing equitable outcome to serve largescale public interest.

scholarly journals Revolutionary Socialist Internationalism: Rank-and-File Reaction in the USPD

1977 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 329-349 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert F. Wheeler
Keyword(s):  
Working Class ◽  
International Meeting ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
The Public ◽  
The People ◽  
History Of ◽  
Per Se ◽  
Historical Accounts

Historical accounts of the First, Second and Third Internationals, i.e., those organizations that attempted to realize some sort of supranational working-class solidarity, have traditionally been presented in terms of congresses, programs and personalities. Invariably scholars have focused on the public and private debates at this or that international meeting and/or how Marx, Engels, Lenin or some other leading figure influenced or reacted to some specific development. In short, the history of the International has been looked at almost exclusively from the “top down”. There is not anything wrong with this approach per se, but it might be of some value to consider, occasionally at least, the people whom the various Internationals were supposed to be serving, in other words to examine the International not only from the “top down” but also from the “bottom up”.

scholarly journals IN OMNIBUS REGIONIBUS? THE FOURTEEN REGIONS AND THE CITY OF ROME

2020 ◽  
Vol 88 ◽  
pp. 119-150
Author(s):  
Penelope J. Goodman
Keyword(s):  
Conceptual Framework ◽  
Social Identification ◽  
Social Meaning ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
Fire Services ◽  
History Of ◽  
Working Practices ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The City

Scholarship on the fourteen Augustan regions of Rome has tended to focus on their political and topographical significance. As a result, evidence for their social meaning and their impact on the mindsets and practices of the city's administrators and rulers has been under-exploited. This article seeks to address this lacuna. It begins by reviewing the history of Rome's regions and asking how and where the boundaries of the Augustan regions were recorded, before moving on to consider the impact of the regions on the Romans’ understanding and experiences of their city. This includes examining the evidence for bottom-up social identification with the regions, despite their top-down original creation. The paper also looks at the administrators who worked with the regions (regional magistrates and the food, water and fire services), arguing that the conceptual framework which the regions provided began to shape their working practices. Finally, it demonstrates the existence of a rhetoric of consistent provision across all fourteen regions, propagated especially by the emperors. The findings across all of these areas reveal that it is essential to take the regions and their impact into account when attempting to understand the topography of the city and the lives of its inhabitants.

scholarly journals Reading Theories and Reading Comprehension; Review and Discussed

E-Structural ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 153-159
Author(s):  
Herri Susanto
Keyword(s):  
Reading Comprehension ◽  
Schema Theory ◽  
History Of Reading ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
Reading Abilities ◽  
History Of ◽  
Theoretical Stage ◽  
Models Of Reading ◽  
Reading Models

Abstract. In this article, several reading theories need to be reviewed in their relationships to read understanding educators and English lecturers. Three other Reading Models, Bottom-Up, Top-Down, and Interactive, are discussed in the Schema Theory at the theoretical stage. The history of reading training, kinds and purposes of reading, and cognitive reading abilities will be discussed in checking the reading understanding. Finally, it reviews six variables that are engaged in understanding English texts.Keywords: comprehension, models of reading, schema theoryAbstrak. Dalam artikel ini, beberapa teori bacaan perlu ditinjau dalam hubungannya untuk membaca pemahaman para pendidik dan dosen bahasa Inggris. Tiga Model Membaca diantaranyamodel Bottom-Up, Top-Down, dan Interactive dibahas dalam Schema Theory pada tahap teoretis. Rentetan uji coba, jenis dan tujuan membaca, serta kemampuan membaca kognitif dibahas dalam memastikan pemahaman membaca. Akhirnya, terdapat review terhadap enam variabel yang terlibat dalam memahami teks bahasa Inggris.Kata kunci: membaca, model membaca, teori schema

Three-Dimensional Trait System: Binding Together the Main Sources of Diversity in Personality Traits

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sergei Shchebetenko
Keyword(s):  
Personality Traits ◽  
Big Five ◽  
Personality Trait ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Lifespan Development ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
The Third ◽  
History Of

Why are there various personality traits and why are those traits revealed in widely-acclaimed models such as the Big Five? The Three-Dimensional Trait System (3D-TRASY) states that any personality trait can be defined in terms of three basic sources. The first source represents traits’ variability with regard to the brain’s functioning in terms of bottom-up and top-down processes. The second source connects to positive (rewards) and negative (punishments) social reinforcements of the trait. The third source reflects a multitude of situations in which a trait may unfold. Thus, Extraversion can be defined as a proximate bottom-up positive while Conscientiousness is a distal top-down positive. 3D-TRASY provides a framework for formal, non-tautological definitions of traits; it provides explanations for various phenomena in trait research including the super-traits of Stability and Plasticity and the maturity principle of lifespan development. 3D-TRASY presumes that some traits can occasionally closely correlate and thus establish an amalgam, which exemplifies itself in Eysenckian Psychoticism and the Big-Five’s Agreeableness. In the history of trait research, this amalgamation may explain controversies that would have facilitated emergence of novel models such as the Big Five or HEXACO. The paper contains empirical demonstrations on how 3D-TRASY can explain apparently empirical artifacts.

Top-Down and Bottom-Up Approaches to Implementation Research: a Critical Analysis and Suggested Synthesis

1986 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-48 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul A. Sabatier
Keyword(s):  
Public Policy ◽  
Conceptual Framework ◽  
Policy Change ◽  
Implementation Research ◽  
Critical Analysis ◽  
Policy Making ◽  
Time Frame ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
The Past

AbstractThis paper first reviews the implementation literature of the past fifteen years, with particular emphasis on the relative strengths and weaknesses of the ‘top-down’ and ‘bottom-up’ approaches. It also argues that the 4–6 year time-frame used in most implementation research misses many critical features of public policy-making. The paper then outlines a conceptual framework for examining policy change over a 10–20 year period which combines the best features of the ‘top-down’ and ‘bottom-up’ approaches with insights from other literatures.

scholarly journals READING THEORIES AND READING COMPREHENSION

2015 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 25
Author(s):  
Maria Novary Ngabut
Keyword(s):  
Reading Comprehension ◽  
Reading Instruction ◽  
Reading Skills ◽  
Background Knowledge ◽  
Schema Theory ◽  
History Of Reading ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
History Of ◽  
Models Of Reading

<p>In this article several reading theories in their relations to reading comprehension teachers and lecturers of English need to know are reviewed. At the theory level, three other Models of Reading, namely Bottom-Up, Top-Down, and Interactive are previously discussed to the Schema Theory. In reviewing the reading comprehension, the history of reading instruction, types and purposes of reading, and cognitive reading skills are discussed. Finally, it reviews six variables involved in the comprehension of English texts.</p><p><strong>Keywords:</strong><strong> </strong><em>m</em><em>odels of r</em><em>eading, schema theory, comprehension</em><em>, background knowledge</em></p>

scholarly journals Have Invasive Mysids (Mysis diluviana) Altered the Capacity of Osoyoos Lake, British Columbia to Produce Sockeye Salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka)?

2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-26 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kim D. Hyatt ◽  
Donald J. McQueen ◽  
Athena D. Ogden
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Food Web ◽  
Sockeye Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Nerka ◽  
Zooplankton Biomass ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
Annual Variations ◽  
Mysis Diluviana ◽  
Zooplankton Prey

Background:During 2005-13, at Osoyoos Lake, British Columbia, we investigated trophic relationships among fry ofOncorhynchus nerkaWalbaum (Sockeye and kokanee), a suite of limnetic planktivores includingMysis diluviana, and their zooplankton prey.Objectives:Our goal was to quantify the impacts that a recently introduced population ofMysiswould have on density, growth and survival of resident age-0 Sockeye Salmon.Methods:Evidence ofMysisimpact was based on (a) simple correlation analysis between various biophysical performance measures and (b) production and bioenergetics models used to identify the strength of bottom-up (i.e. production-driven) and top-down (i.e.consumption-driven) processes.Results:This nine-year study indicated that the Osoyoos Lake food web was strongly influenced by external events These included: large annual variations in river discharge, an earthen dam failure and effluent input from an Okanagan River tributary, and highly variable recruitment ofO. nerkafry given out-of-basin factors (harvest, marine survival) controlling adult salmon returns. Surprisingly, large annual variations inO. nerkarecruitment (0.63 - 7.0 million fry), did not induce significant “top-down” associations in growth, survival or subsequent production among the macro-planktivores (pelagic fish andMysis) and their zooplankton prey. A single significant correlation (p ≤ 0.05) betweenO. nerkafry abundance and their von BertalanffyW∞parameter emerged from a set of 14 potential top-down associations tested. By contrast, we identified several strongly positive “bottom-up” effects in which survival ofO. nerkafry was significantly associated (p ≤ 0.01) with annual variations in total zooplankton biomass,Daphniabiomass andEpischurabiomass. Our results indicate thatMysisplayed a dual role in the Osoyoos Lake pelagic food web. As predators, they accounted for an average (June-October) of 64% of the total prey biomass consumed by fish andMysis. As prey,Mysiscontributed an average of 35% of the prey biomass consumed by fish. Consumption by fish andMysistogether accounted for daily losses of only 4.5% of non-mysid zooplankton biomass and 34% of daily zooplankton production.Conclusion:We conclude that in all years, combined prey consumption byMysisand fish was never high enough, acting alone, to reduce the availability of their potential zooplankton forage base. However, we also estimate that in the absence ofMysis,O. nerkafry could experience a 43% increase in their daily food intake and that fish andMysismight control their principal prey taxa when exogenous factors (e.g.annual discharge) induced major reductions in zooplankton biomass. Finally, althoughMysishas clearly altered the energy flow pathways from plankton to fish in the Osoyoos Lake food-web, mysids have not precluded rebuildingO. nerkaabundance to levels at or exceeding historic maxima.

scholarly journals Personal Responsibility for Intentional Conduct: Protecting the Interests of Innocent Co-Insureds Under Insurance Contracts

2013 ◽  
Vol 50 (3) ◽  
pp. 615
Author(s):  
Elizabeth Adjin-Tettey
Keyword(s):  
Public Policy ◽  
British Columbia ◽  
Personal Responsibility ◽  
Contract Law ◽  
Insurance Policy ◽  
Modern Approach ◽  
Insurance Contracts ◽  
Statutory Protection ◽  
History Of ◽  
Contractual Approach

An insured who wilfully damages insured property cannot seek indemnification under an insurance policy because the loss was not a fortuitous one and likely falls within an exclusion clause in the policy. This has historically been referred to as the criminal forfeiture principle, which holds that for public policy reasons a wrongdoer should not be able to benefit from his or her own wrongdoing. The question in situations like this is whether an innocent co-insured should also be barred from recovery for such loss. This article focuses on developments in the law relating to recovery by an innocent co-insured — namely amendments to the British Columbia Insurance Act. The author explores the history of the criminal forfeiture principle and also examines the modern contractual approach to interpreting insurance contracts. This article argues that the modern approach emphasizes property and contract law principles at the expense of protecting the reasonable expectations of an innocent co-insured. The author then examines a key provision in the British Columbia Insurance Act that intends to provide statutory protection for an innocent co-insured. Despite some disadvantages, the author argues that the benefits of the statutory protection outweigh any potential weaknesses.

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