scholarly journals Troubled Relationships under the GATS: Tensions between Market Access (Article XVI), National Treatment (Article XVII), and Domestic Regulation (Article VI)

2017 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 449-474 ◽  
Author(s):  
GILLES MULLER

AbstractThe General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS) was adopted in order to establish meaningful liberalization rules, while preserving the right of Members to regulate. To that end, three provisions form the centerpiece of liberalization: market access (Article XVI GATS), national treatment (Article XVII GATS), and domestic regulation (Article VI GATS). Although these provisions contain different obligations, in certain conditions they can overlap. How this issue is resolved could undermine the delicate balance between liberalization and the right to regulate. As the GATS provides no guidance, the task of determining the applicable rules has been delegated to the World Trade Organization (WTO) adjudicating bodies. This paper examines how the three provisions have been interpreted, and analyzes the most applicable way to address the diversity of barriers to trade in services.

2010 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 643-673 ◽  
Author(s):  
PANAGIOTIS DELIMATSIS

AbstractThe negotiations under the aegis of the World Trade Organization (WTO) on the creation of rules on domestic regulations affecting trade in services have entered a critical stage. Within a general atmosphere of reflection and reluctance characterizing the Doha negotiations, this is the only front in recent years in which tangible progress is evident. This paper critically analyses the potential rules that Members currently appear to support and attempts to identify their shortcomings as well as those modifications or clarifications which are necessary to improve the impact and efficacy of the forthcoming rules (so-called ‘disciplines on domestic regulation’ in the parlance used in the General Agreement on Trade in Services – GATS). At the heart of the paper lies a thought-provoking proposal for a necessity test applicable across services sectors. Arguably, only a necessity test can allow for the elimination of unnecessary barriers to trade in services and regulatory arbitrariness.


AJIL Unbound ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 108 ◽  
pp. 323-327
Author(s):  
Joel Trachtman

The negotiators and drafters of the Agreement establishing the World Trade Organization(WTO), which includes the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade 1947(GATT) and the Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade(TBT), as well as other subagreements dealing with domestic regulation, such as the Agreement on Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures(SPS), did not do a great job of doctrinal integration among the different documents that comprise the WTO Agreement. To be fair, at the end of the Uruguay Round, the hour was late and they may have felt that the basic ideas were sufficiently clear that it could all be sorted out in litigation. But in several contexts, including within the original GATT, the text of which dates from 1947, they covered the same ground in multiple places, without stating clearly how the different norms relate to one another,and without articulating plausible reasons for different treatment. For example, why is different language used for national treatment in three different places within Article III of GATT, and why is that language different from the language that appearsto have the same purpose in the TBT Agreement or in the SPS Agreement?


1997 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 354-374 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura B. Sherman

On February 15, 1997, 69 countries agreed to provide market access to some or all of their basic telecommunications sectors. These 69 countries represent over 90% of the world's basic telecommunications revenues. This achievement came after two unsuccessful attempts to negotiate a multi-lateral agreement on basic telecommunications under the auspices of the World Trade Organization (“WTO”). It was an achievement warmly welcomed by consumers and suppliers of basic telecommunications services.


1994 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Keith Acheson ◽  
Christopher J. Maule

Abstract: International trade, investment, and the movement of technical and professional personnel are very important to the cultural industries. A set of bilateral co-production treaties impose strict financing, expenditure, and nationality of personnel restrictions for film and television projects that qualify for national treatment with respect to broadcast quotas and for subsidized finance from government lending agencies or tax shelters. In addition, a number of multilateral, regional, and industry-specific regimes establish general rules and procedures that govern these international transactions. We examine the success of these treaties and their probable future. Historically, the GATT concentrated on trade in goods and only with the successful termination of the Uruguay Round negotiations have the members committed to extensive rules governing trade in services. In doing so, the GATT incorporated many features of the integration of trade in services that had occurred in NAFTA and the FTA. We explore the effect on the cultural industries of the commitments to the most-favoured-nation (MFN), national treatment, and market access clauses combined with the exemptions and reservations made by Canada. Since trade in the cultural industries involves both goods and services, strong commitments not to impose conditions on investment undertaken in the trade-related investment measures of the goods section of GATT could also impact on these industries. Co-production treaties have been exempted from the MFN clause in GATT, but the exemption will lapse in 10 years. We anticipate that in the future the co-production treaties will be phased out and replaced with an industry-specific chapter in a future negotiation under the new World Trade Organization. Résumé: Le libre-échange et le commerce internationaux, tout comme le mouvement libre de personnel technique et professionnel, sont très importants pour les industries culturelles.Une série de traités de co-production bilatéraux imposent des règles strictes sur le financement, les dépenses, et la nationalité du personnel pour certains films et émissions de télévision (ceux qui sont dans les conditions nationales requises pour les quotas de radiodiffusion, les subventions gouvernementales et les abris fiscaux). En outre, un nombre d'accords multilatéraux, régionaux, et particuliers à l'industrie établissent des règles générales et des procédures qui gouvernent ces transactions internationales. Nous examinons le succès de ces traités et leur avenir probable. Traditionnellement, le GATT s'est concentré sur le commerce des biens, et c'est seulement suivant les pourparlers d'Uruguay que les membres ont décidé de suivre des règlements sur les services. Pour adresser les services, le GATT a incorporé plusieurs règlements provenant de l'accord de libre-échange entre le Canada et les États-Unis, et de celui entre ces deux pays et le Mexique. Dans notre article, nous explorons l'effet sur les industries culturelles qu'ont produit la clause de "nation la plus favorisée" et les clauses de traitement de nations et d'accès aux marchés, tout en tenant compte des exemptions et des réservations faites par le Canada. Comme le commerce dans les industries culturelles implique à la fois biens et services, une forte réticence à restreindre certains investissements (du genre traité dans la section du GATT sur les biens) pourrait aussi avoir une influence sur ces industries. Les traités de co-production ont été exemptés de la clause de "nation la plus favorisée" du GATT, mais cette exemption prendra fin dans dix ans. Nous croyons qu'à l'avenir les traités de co-production seront éliminés et remplacés par un chapitre dédié à l'industrie dans des négociations futures entreprises par le nouveau World Trade Organization ("Organisation de commerce mondial").


2015 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 451-477 ◽  
Author(s):  
TANIA VOON

AbstractTrade-restrictiveness is a familiar concept across various provisions and agreements of the World Trade Organization (WTO), but its precise meaning remains vague. In many WTO disputes, the existence or degree of trade-restrictiveness of a challenged measure is simply assumed or addressed in a few brief sentences. Yet whether a measure is more trade-restrictive than necessary, or more trade-restrictive than a proposed alternative measure, is crucial to the legality of a range of measures currently in place around the world, some under challenge in the WTO. A careful analysis of the existing case law and treaty text – focusing on Article 2.2 of the Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade and the general exceptions in the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade 1994 and the General Agreement on Trade in Services – demonstrates that while the existence of discrimination is likely to restrict trade, discrimination is not necessary to establish trade-restrictiveness, which also necessarily arises from direct barriers to market access such as import bans. In the absence of an explicit barrier to imports, a WTO panel is likely to focus on the extent to which a challenged measure negatively affects the competitive opportunities of imported products vis-à-vis domestic products.


2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (8) ◽  
pp. 121-125
Author(s):  
Nino Parsadanishvili

resent paper focuses on current crises in international trade in services negotiations from the perspective of consideration of trading interests of developing and least developed countries in line with the operational agenda of the World Trade Organization (WTO). Through the analysis of the existing international legal texts and scholarly works particular attention is paid to the different rounds of trade in services negotiations in parallel to the consideration of the results of relevant ministerial conferences of the World Trade Organization, drawing attention to the situation with regards of consideration of the interests of developing and least developed country members of the WTO. Special focus is paid to the complexity of the decision making process and it’s complication over time due to increased participation of parties concerned in the process of trade in services negotiations resulting in no progress in the overall process. Next to analyzing the challenges faced by the WTO in trade in services negotiations, especially in terms of considering the interests of developing and least developed countries, paper shows the ways that could be used during 2020 Kazakhstan Ministerial Conference of the World Trade Organization for finding solutions to simplify the decision making process and establish freer international trade in services by the way of either implying new approaches in interpreting the existing multilateral treaties that deal with trade in services between all member states of the WTO or deepening the discussions on a new plurilateral agreement helping the organization to overcome the stagnated process of trade in services negotiations and therefore ensuring the compliance with it’s own operational goals.


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