Exports and Imports-Led Growth: Evidence from a Small Developing Economy

This paper examines equilibrium relationships and dynamic causality between economic growth, exports, and imports in Nepal using time-series data between 1965 and 2020. This research examines the impact of exports and imports on the economic growth of Nepal and documents empirical evidence in exports-led growth, imports-led growth, growth-led exports, and growth-led imports hypotheses in both the short and long run. The test results show no evidence favoring the exports-led growth and growth-led exports hypotheses in both the short and long run. However, the study finds evidence supporting the imports-led growth hypothesis in the short term and the growth-led imports hypothesis in the long term. Overall, this paper finds no evidence in favor of the notion that foreign trade supports the economic growth of Nepal in the long run. The research findings may have important implications for policymakers in Nepal. The paper contributes to trade and economic growth literature by investigating the relationship between exports, imports, capital, and gross domestic products in a small economy such as Nepal, where exports make a minimal and imports make an extensive contribution to gross domestic products by using cointegration and the vector error correction model.

AL-LAMASÂT AL-BALÂGHIYAH FÎ KITÂB RAFÎQÎ LI MOHAMMAD NUR ASYIQ: DIRÂSAH TAHLÎLIYAH BALÂGHIYAH

Rafiqî by Mohammad Nur Asyiq is one of the literary works which was written in Arabic and was widespread in Indonesia in the seventies. The book is constructed from several Arabic pieces of literatures with the author’s touch of al-Balâghah discipline and its three branches: al-Ma’âny, al-Bayân, and al-Badî’, thus making this book is a suitable candidate for a study concerning al-Balâghah. This book can be used to explore the purpose and intent of applying al-Balâghah language style as well as revealing the scientific and social characteristics of the author. By applying descriptive analytical approach, it was found that the author used several language styles, such as al-Istifhâm, al-Iltifât, al-Qashr, al-Fashl wa al-Washl, at-Tasybîh, al-Kinâyah, and al-Iqtibâs. Those applications of al-Balâgah reveal the author’s noble personality and his affection for Indonesia, his fought against invaders to seize Indonesia’s independence, his eagerness to consume local domestic products, and his compassion for the weak.

Features of food market formation in Ukraine

The article examines the peculiarities of the formation of the food market of Ukraine and trends in its development. The actual capacity of the domestic market for certain products has been determined, taking into account the decrease in the average per capita consumption of certain food products by the population and the reduction in the population of Ukraine. It is established that the growth of gross output of agricultural products has improved the level of self-sufficiency in food in Ukraine. Meeting the needs of the population in food, within its purchasing power, is almost entirely provided by domestic products, except fruits, berries, and grapes. The level and dynamics of import dependence of the food market as a whole and in the context of individual product groups are determined.

The Relationship Between the Economic Development Levels of the Countries and Their Sporting Achievements in the 2020 Tokyo Olympics

The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between the economic development and order of success of the countries ranked in the top 20 at the 2020 Tokyo Olympics. In this context, the total number of medals of the countries in the top 20 of the total number of medals in the Tokyo 2020 Olympics was selected as a sporting success, as an indicator of development, the countries’ Gross Domestic Product (GDP) levels were also considered.In order to investigate the relationship between sporting success and economic development; SPSS package program was used. The significance level was considered as p < 0.05. Correlation analysis was performed by selecting the total number of medals as a dependent variable, the gross domestic products as an independent variable, and the population as a control variable.Findings of this research, a relationship was found the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of the countries and the number of medals obtained at the 2020 Tokyo Olympics.According to these findings, a relationship has been found between economic development of countries and the number of medals won at the 2020 Tokyo Olympics, which we can see as international sporting success.

From Movement Control to National Recovery Plan: Malaysia’s Strategy to Live with COVID-19

With COVID-19 vaccination gaining momentum, strict lockdowns have been perceived as no longer necessary due to their far-reaching socioeconomic impacts. This overview aims to provide insight into Malaysia’s strategy in preparing to live with COVID-19 through stage-wise transition. This overview examined scholarly articles, news articles as well as official government announcements and data pertaining to the National Recovery Plan (NRP) which replaces COVID-19 lockdowns officially known as Movement Control Order (MCO) in Malaysia. NRP, which presents a stage-wise relaxation of lockdown leading ultimately to conditional reopening of all sectors and lifting of travel restrictions, adopts three major indicators for transitions of phases. The indicators are daily new COVID-19 cases, occupancy rate of intensive care units and full vaccination rate. Domestic travel initiatives have been initiated during the NRP, allowing domestic visits to certain tourist spots in the nation. Interstate travel in most parts of the nation has also been permitted without needing to show a negative COVID-19 test. On 28 October 2021, six states and three federal territories of Malaysia were already in phase 4 of NRP, which is the ultimate phase of lockdown relaxation, while all other states were in phase 3. This has resulted in a positive outlook on the gross domestic products of Malaysia in quarter 3, 2021. This overview highlights that a different approach to COVID-19 is necessary as total elimination of COVID-19 is not yet in sight. It sheds light into the use of pertinent indicators or indices to capture the status of COVID-19. Keywords: COVID-19; indicators; Malaysia; MCO; National Recovery Plan;Vaccination.

Effects of socio-economic factors on research over systemic sclerosis: an analysis based on long time series of bibliometric data

Background Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is a rare detrimental disease warranting global research efforts. Evaluating how socio-economic factors impact country research output on SSc could help to identify solutions advancing research. Methods Publication production on SSc during 1969–2018 and data for structural and policy factors for WHO member countries were collected from public sources. Associations between SSc research output and country-level factors were investigated through panel regression. Difference-in-differences analysis further assessed the causal effects of rare disease legislation. Results SSc publications demonstrated exponential growth (r = 0.9410, as against an r = 0.8845 after linear adjustment), but were concentrated in high-income countries (HICs). Ten countries, nine of which were HICs, published 12,261 (77.5%) SSc publications but another 87 countries produced none. Gross domestic products (GDP), population and expenditure on research and development were positively associated with SSc publications (p < 0.001). Higher health expenditure was only found to be associated with increased SSc publications in HICs (p < 0.001). Rare disease legislation increased annual publication production by 62.8% (95% CI 0.390–0.867; p < 0.001) averagely. In middle-income countries (MICs), the effect was especially swift and lasting. No significant impact was found with GDP per capita, female percentage, and political indicators. Conclusions SSc research output increased over time with substantial country disparities. Effective health policies facilitating research should be expanded especially among MICs to accelerate research advancement.

Impacts of FDI on technology upgrade and employment of Singapore and Malaysia, lesson for Vietnam

<p>This thesis evaluates Vietnam's experience with FDI to date and looks at what lessons can be drawn from the experiences of Malaysia and Singapore to help Vietnam deal with emerging problems. The thesis shows that Vietnam's experience with FDI has been successful in the following ways: a significant contribution to growth, constitute 63.1% of exports (2012), some advanced technology are transferred, creation a number of new jobs and improving the quality of domestic products, etc. The main issues for Vietnam, though are limited technological upgrading, disappointing employment performance, fierce competition, crowding out effects and domination of FDI firms in the domestic market, etc. The thesis argues that the Malaysian and Singaporean experiences suggest Vietnam should prioritize tax incentives for pioneer industries, particularly aspects of education; enhancing human capital and technology capacity; improvement of business environment and subsidiaries industry, etc.</p>

Impacts of FDI on technology upgrade and employment of Singapore and Malaysia, lesson for Vietnam

<p>This thesis evaluates Vietnam's experience with FDI to date and looks at what lessons can be drawn from the experiences of Malaysia and Singapore to help Vietnam deal with emerging problems. The thesis shows that Vietnam's experience with FDI has been successful in the following ways: a significant contribution to growth, constitute 63.1% of exports (2012), some advanced technology are transferred, creation a number of new jobs and improving the quality of domestic products, etc. The main issues for Vietnam, though are limited technological upgrading, disappointing employment performance, fierce competition, crowding out effects and domination of FDI firms in the domestic market, etc. The thesis argues that the Malaysian and Singaporean experiences suggest Vietnam should prioritize tax incentives for pioneer industries, particularly aspects of education; enhancing human capital and technology capacity; improvement of business environment and subsidiaries industry, etc.</p>

A PROPOSED MODEL OF VALUE CO-CREATION THROUGH MULTI-STAKEHOLDER COLLABORATION IN DOMESTIC PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT

This study illustrates the collaborative value co-creation process that involves multi-stakeholders in developing domestic products and services design in Indonesia. Although the value co-creation process performed effectively, the new product is still experiencing obstacles in term of commercialization and sustainability. The purpose of this research is to construct a model to encourage the process of value co-creation in the commercialization phase of domestic products. The qualitative method with a single case study approach is conducted in this research. Data collected with in-depth interviews, observations and archival. The informants are representatives of stakeholders that interact and participate in the IKKON program. Data analyzed with DART model (Dialogue, Access, Risk Assessment and Transparency) to examine the process of value co-creation in the IKKON program. This approach constructs an analysis that involves stakeholder’s experience during the value co-creation process as a basis for innovation. The results showed with collaboration; stakeholders could learn from each other to understand the needs. The collaboration with multi-stakeholder will increase the values of the product by combining local and public needs. The finding proposed a collaborative model to optimizing domestic product in terms of commercialization. This research enlarges a practical perspective in managing value co-creation and decision making.

World Trade Flows in XX Century

International trade represents the exchange of goods and services across state borders. In most countries, it forms a significant part of Gross Domestic Products (GDP). Although international trade has been presented throughout history, its economic, social, and political importance has increased in recent centuries, mainly due to industrialization, transport development, globalization, and multinational corporations. The work is planned methodologically to be explored through the graphic method, the method of index numbers and the average annual rate of change, and the trend method. The analysis of work is divided over the period. The first period is considered from 1948-1999, the second period from 1980-1999. In the 20th century, there were significant changes in the structure of international trade. By the 1960s, dominant products in international trade were primary products (raw materials), while from that period the international trade was dominated by industrial products.