scholarly journals Social security personal-account participation with government matching

2005 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 155-179 ◽  
Author(s):  
GARY V. ENGELHARDT ◽  
ANIL KUMAR
Keyword(s):  
Social Security ◽  
Older Workers ◽  
Structural Model ◽  
Design Parameters ◽  
Personal Account ◽  
Empirical Estimates ◽  
Match Rate ◽  
Personal Accounts ◽  
Low Educated ◽  
The Impact

This paper examines the potential impact of government matching contributions on personal-account participation in the President's Commission on Strengthening Social Security's Model 3 for Social Security reform. Given the government's choice of four plan-design parameters, the magnitude of the match is determined solely by the differential return personal-account assets receive above the notional return, referred to as the ‘personal-account premium’, akin to the equity premium. The impact of matching on personal-account participation is simulated for older workers (ages 40 to 65) in the first wave of the Health and Retirement Study (HRS) using empirical estimates from a structural model of the impact of employer matching on participation in corporate 401(k) plans. For a personal-account premium of three percentage points, which implies a match rate of 7.5% for middle- to lower-income workers, the simulations imply that 72% of mid-career and older workers would participate in voluntary personal accounts. The response of participation to matching is very inelastic; it seems not unlikely that participation by mid-career and older workers would achieve the mid-range assumption by the Commission of 67%. There is substantial heterogeneity in participation across subsets of older workers: participation would be the lowest for low-educated, minority, female, and unmarried mid-career and older workers.

scholarly journals Reducing The Downside Risk Of Not Receiving Anticipated Social Security Benefits By Using Personal Accounts

2011 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert E. Pritchard ◽  
Gregory C. Potter
Keyword(s):  
Social Security ◽  
Downside Risk ◽  
Retirement Income ◽  
Personal Account ◽  
Font Size ◽  
The Government ◽  
Personal Accounts ◽  
The Right ◽  
Social Security Benefits ◽  
To Receive

<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; margin: 0in 0.5in 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">The government is not obligated to pay Social Security benefits and no one has the right to receive such benefits.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp; </span>This paper presents the argument that opting for a personal account in conjunction with traditional Social Security is less risky than opting to have all of ones Social Security taxes go into traditional Social Security.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp; </span>The overall downside risk of receiving lower than anticipated Social Security retirement income is reduced by diversifying to include personal accounts along with traditional Social Security.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp; </span></span></span></p>

Using Nonlinear Budget Sets to Estimate Extensive Margin Responses: Method and Evidence from the Earnings Test

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 150-193
Author(s):  
Alexander M. Gelber ◽  
Damon Jones ◽  
Daniel W. Sacks ◽  
Jae Song
Keyword(s):  
Social Security ◽  
Older Workers ◽  
Reduction Rate ◽  
Extensive Margin ◽  
Social Security Administration ◽  
Percentage Point Increase ◽  
Earnings Test ◽  
Regression Kink Design ◽  
Annual Earnings ◽  
The Impact

We estimate the impact of the Social Security Annual Earnings Test (AET) on older workers’ employment. The AET reduces social security claimants’ current benefits in proportion to their earnings in excess of an exempt amount. Using a regression kink design and Social Security Administration data, we document that the discontinuous change in the benefit reduction rate at the exempt amount causes a corresponding change in the slope of the employment rate, suggesting that the extensive margin of labor supply is more sensitive to this policy than commonly thought. We develop a model and method that allow us to translate the behavioral responses into a lower bound estimate of 0.49 for the extensive margin elasticity, which implies more than a 1 percentage point increase in work in the absence of the AET. (JEL H55, J14, J22, J26, J31)

scholarly journals Educational inequalities in the impact of chronic diseases on exit from paid employment among older workers: a 7-year prospective study in the Netherlands

2019 ◽  
Vol 76 (10) ◽  
pp. 718-725 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karen Oude Hengel ◽  
Suzan J W Robroek ◽  
Iris Eekhout ◽  
Allard J van der Beek ◽  
Alex Burdorf
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Disease ◽  
Chronic Diseases ◽  
Older Workers ◽  
Disability Benefits ◽  
Subdistribution Hazard ◽  
Retirement Benefits ◽  
Early Exit ◽  
Paid Employment ◽  
Low Educated ◽  
The Impact

ObjectivesThe study aimed to investigate the relative and absolute risks of early exit from paid employment among older workers with a chronic disease, and to assess whether these risks differ across educational groups.MethodsData on chronic diseases and demographics from 9160 Dutch workers aged 45–64 years were enriched with monthly information on employment status from Statistics Netherlands. Subdistribution hazard ratios (SHR) and 7-year probabilities among workers with a chronic disease of exit from paid employment through disability benefits, unemployment benefits, early retirement benefits or economic inactivity were estimated using competing risks regression analyses based on Fine and Gray’s models.ResultsWorkers with one chronic disease had a higher risk to exit paid employment through disability benefits (SHR 4.48 (95%CI 3.22 to 6.25)) compared with workers without chronic disease, and this risk further increased for multiple chronic diseases (SHR 8.91 (95%CI 6.33 to 12.55)). As occurrence of chronic diseases was highest among low educated workers, the 7-year probabilities to exit paid employment through disability benefits were highest among this group. Cardiovascular, musculoskeletal, psychological and respiratory diseases were associated with disability benefits (SHRs ranging from 2.11 (95%CI 1.45 to 3.07) to 3.26 (95%CI 2.08 to 5.12)), whereas psychological diseases were also related to unemployment (SHR 1.78 (95%CI 1.33 to 2.38)).ConclusionsOlder workers with a chronic disease have a higher risk to exit paid employment through disability benefits. As multimorbidity has an additive effect, addressing multimorbidity as a risk factor for sustainable employment is needed.

scholarly journals Impact of Exchange Marriage on Children in Pakistan: Social Security or Insecurity?

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammed Zaman
Keyword(s):  
Social Security ◽  
Future Generation ◽  
Alliance Formation ◽  
Grounded Theory Method ◽  
Data Collection And Analysis ◽  
Spouse Selection ◽  
Low Educated ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Child Engagement ◽  
Development Perspective

In this paper I deal with the impact of the exchange marriage system in Pakistan. The system does not only guide in spouse selection, but it is also provide welfare, alliance formation and give strength to kinship. No part of the study, however, dealt with the impact of the system on children anywhere in the world. Based on the qualitative investigation, this article highlights 24 case histories. The Grounded Theory Method guidelines are followed for the data collection and analysis. There are different dimensions of the exchange marriage. However, t h is study reveals child engagement/marriage (even before the birth), forced marriages, mismatch marriage, violence and emergence of domestic conflict in the system of the exchange. This study found drug addiction among children, off and on the street children, children with broken homes, neglected children, and delinquency is due to the system of the marriage. Exchange marriage does not only provide social security and alliance formation but also insecurity and obscured socialization of the children. It is important to have looked on the system of the exchange in development perspective of the future generation. This study highlights the impact of the exchange marriage system among illiterate or low educated people only who strictly follow the system of the exchange.

scholarly journals The Impact of Covid-19 on Older Workers' Employment and Social Security Spillovers

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gopi Shah Goda ◽  
Emilie Jackson ◽  
Lauren Hersch Nicholas ◽  
Sarah See Stith
Keyword(s):  
Social Security ◽  
Older Workers ◽  
The Impact

Structural Modeling of Institute of Entrepreneurship in Russia

2019 ◽  
pp. 34-48
Author(s):  
Svetlana L. Sazanova
Keyword(s):  
Global Economy ◽  
Structural Model ◽  
Institutional Environment ◽  
Small And Medium Enterprises ◽  
Structural Modeling ◽  
Entrepreneurial Activity ◽  
Pattern Modeling ◽  
Medium Enterprises ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship

Entrepreneurship plays an important role in the modern global economy; the share of products of small and medium enterprises in the gross product and exports not only of the developed but also of developing countries is growing. Innovation processes cover all sectors of the economy, and more and more people are involved in entrepreneurial activity, which contributes to the penetration of entrepreneurial thinking and business values in all areas of the socioeconomic life of society. The Institute of Entrepreneurship plays an increasingly prominent role in the institutional environment of socio-economic systems. This actualizes the problem of studying the relationship of the institution of entrepreneurship with the institutions of law, culture, management. This requires a methodology that allows you to explore the impact on the institute of entrepreneurship not only economic, but also non-economic factors. The methodology of the “old” institutionalism possesses such a tool, it is structural modeling (pattern modeling), which allows to explore the diversity of interrelationships of the institution of entrepreneurship with other components of the institutional and economic environment. The article explored the features of the development of the institution of entrepreneurship in Russia, established the relationship between the institution of entrepreneurship, values, motives and incentives for entrepreneurial activity, built a structural model of the institution of entrepreneurship based on the methodology of the old institutionalism (pattern modeling). The structural model of the institution of entrepreneurship reveals the relationship between the institution of entrepreneurship, the values of entrepreneurial activity, its motives and incentives; as well as the relationship between the institution of entrepreneurship with the institutions of governance, cultural and religious institutions, legal institutions and society.

Structural Model of Service Quality Factors Affecting Loyalty Sustainability

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Eman Al-erqi ◽  
◽  
Mohd Lizam Mohd Diah ◽  
Najmaddin Abo Mosali ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
International Students ◽  
Service Quality ◽  
Goodness Of Fit ◽  
Structural Model ◽  
Quality Factors ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Measurement Models ◽  
Confirmatory Factor ◽  
The University ◽  
The Impact

This study seeks to address the impact of service quality affecting international student's satisfaction towards loyalty tothe Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia(UTHM). The aim of thestudy is to develop relationship between service quality factor and loyalty to the university from the international students’ perspectives. The study adopted quantitative approach where data was collected through questionnaire survey and analysed statistically. A total of 246 responses were received and found to be valid. The model was developed and analysed using AMOS-SEM software. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) function of the software was to assessed the measurement models and found that all the models achieved goodness of fit. Then path analysis function was used to assessed structural model and found that service qualityfactors have a significant effect on the students’ satisfaction and thus affecting the loyaltyto the university. Hopefully the outcome form this study will benefit the university in providing services especially to the international students.

The Impact of Service Satisfaction, Relational Satisfaction and Commitment on Customer Loyalty in Logistics Outsourcing Relationship

2015 ◽  
Vol 4 (1and2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sanjit Singh H.
Keyword(s):  
Customer Loyalty ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Structural Model ◽  
Reliability And Validity ◽  
Service Satisfaction ◽  
Equation Modeling ◽  
Relational Satisfaction ◽  
Logistics Outsourcing ◽  
Major Predictor ◽  
The Impact

This research explores the impact of service satisfaction, relational satisfaction, price satisfaction, and commitment on customer loyalty in logistics outsourcing relationships in Indian scenario. 254 users of logistics services from India were selected for investigating the potential linkages among the aforementioned satisfaction aspects and loyalty. Structural equation modeling (SEM) was employed to test the reliability and validity of the measurement and structural model developed to study the relationship among the linkages. Findings from the study supports that logistics service satisfaction, price satisfaction, relational satisfaction and commitment do influence loyalty positively. The analysis suggests that service satisfaction is the most important antecedent having primary influence in the formation of customer loyalty. Service satisfaction also has secondary influence on loyalty by acting as a strong driver in both relational satisfaction and commitment aspects of the service dimensions. Price satisfaction though positively been driven by service satisfaction, was found to have less significant effect as a predictor of loyalty in this context. The present study suggests that relational satisfaction is the second major predictor of loyalty which also drives commitment. This research is not an end-point but an attempt to establish the linkages and the effect among the antecedents driving the building and retention of good buyer-seller relationship in logistics outsourcing.

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