Modelling annual earnings with unemployment: Non-random selection in female workers

<p>Female earnings are underrepresented in the earnings and earnings dynamics literature. This underrepresentation is largely a result of the di erences in participation rates between male and female workers. Female workers tend to have more frequent changes in employment status, and more periods of unemployment than their male counterparts. These periods of unemployment result in observations with zero earnings, and common transformations such as the logarithm are not de ned for zero values. This means that any analysis of the logarithm of earnings is forced to exclude periods where an individual does not work, and cannot take into account the e ect of moving into or out of employment. The higher rate of unemployment in female workers also increases the risk of sample selection bias. If selection into employment is non-random, then estimating earnings equations based on only workers will result in biased estimates. This thesis takes a novel approach by focusing on the annual earnings of females, and in doing so introduces two methods for addressing the issues associated with zero earnings observations. First, the Inverse Hyperbolic Sine (IHS) function is introduced as an alternative to the logarithm. The IHS is de ned for zero values, allowing for the creation of descriptive statistics that take into account periods of unemployment and changes in employment status. While the IHS has many properties that are useful when working with annual earnings, this thesis also highlights a number of estimation issues that can arise when using the function that have not previously been mentioned in the literature. Second, a new correction for sample selection bias that has been proposed by Semykina and Wooldridge (2013) is used to model the annual earnings of female workers. Both the sample selection bias correction and the IHS are applied to data on prime aged females from the Survey of Families, Income, and Employment (SoFIE) data set.</p>

Modelling annual earnings with unemployment: Non-random selection in female workers

<p>Female earnings are underrepresented in the earnings and earnings dynamics literature. This underrepresentation is largely a result of the di erences in participation rates between male and female workers. Female workers tend to have more frequent changes in employment status, and more periods of unemployment than their male counterparts. These periods of unemployment result in observations with zero earnings, and common transformations such as the logarithm are not de ned for zero values. This means that any analysis of the logarithm of earnings is forced to exclude periods where an individual does not work, and cannot take into account the e ect of moving into or out of employment. The higher rate of unemployment in female workers also increases the risk of sample selection bias. If selection into employment is non-random, then estimating earnings equations based on only workers will result in biased estimates. This thesis takes a novel approach by focusing on the annual earnings of females, and in doing so introduces two methods for addressing the issues associated with zero earnings observations. First, the Inverse Hyperbolic Sine (IHS) function is introduced as an alternative to the logarithm. The IHS is de ned for zero values, allowing for the creation of descriptive statistics that take into account periods of unemployment and changes in employment status. While the IHS has many properties that are useful when working with annual earnings, this thesis also highlights a number of estimation issues that can arise when using the function that have not previously been mentioned in the literature. Second, a new correction for sample selection bias that has been proposed by Semykina and Wooldridge (2013) is used to model the annual earnings of female workers. Both the sample selection bias correction and the IHS are applied to data on prime aged females from the Survey of Families, Income, and Employment (SoFIE) data set.</p>

Implementation of a Pull System – A Case Study of a Polymeric Production System for the Automotive Industry

This work, developed as a case study, propose, describe, and evaluates an implementation of a pull system in a SME company producing polymeric components for the automotive industry. The production system of the company was based on the push paradigm, which creates high stock levels and high lead times. The main purpose was to develop a pull production system controlled by Kanbans in the painting line. To achieve this goal, this case study demonstrates the application of relevant lean tools, such as, VSM, SMED, Kanban System, Supermarkets and Leveling. Through the SMED’s application, it was possible to reduce the setup times in 38% and make annual earnings of approximately 83000€. The application of a Kanban System, Leveling and Supermarket enabled the WIP’s reduction between injection and painting in 56% and, also, between painting and expedition in 45%. Also, the lead time decreased and the value-added time increased. Thus, this is an exemplary case study for the implementation of a pull system and can be used both by practitioners and researchers interested in this theme.

Does Overwork Attenuate the Motherhood Earnings Penalty among Full-Time Workers?

This study examines whether working long hours alters the motherhood earnings penalty in the context of the United States. The author uses data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (1979–2014) to model the annual earnings penalty mothers incur per child in the United States. The results support that working long hours (50+ hours per week) reduces the negative effect of motherhood on earnings for white women. Once we control for human capital and labour supply, however, there is no difference in the effect of children on earnings between full-time workers and overworkers. For black full-time workers and overworkers, having an additional child has little effect on earnings. The findings suggest that although overwork appears to attenuate the earnings penalty for white mothers, white mothers who work long hours exhibit a smaller penalty because they already have high levels of human capital and supply a great amount of labour.

Medicaid, Earnings, and Heterogeneous Treatment Effects: Evidence from the Oregon Health Insurance Experiment

The Medicaid and labor supply empirical literature offers competing conclusions of zero effects and significant reductions in earnings. However, zero effects are only theoretically consistent with the earnings distribution’s extremes. Medicaid participants with positive pre-treatment labor supply should unequivocally decrease earnings. This paper clarifies the literature’s ambiguity by combining quantile regression with data from the Oregon Health Insurance Experiment. The distributional impacts imply that zero effects are not universally representative of Medicaid households. The annual earnings impact of Medicaid participation ranges between increases of $1400 to deceases of $3120 for single adults. Pre-existing mental illness or health constraints on work account for counterintuitive positive earnings impacts. By demonstrating that sample compositional differences determine whether Medicaid’s labor supply impact is zero or negative, this paper offers a reconciliation to the range of existing estimates in the empirical literature.

Gender and Pharmacists’ Career Satisfaction in the United States

Job satisfaction reflects pharmacists’ evaluation of their current work experiences, while career satisfaction is an evaluation of how satisfied pharmacists are with their profession across various jobs. The objectives of this article were to measure career satisfaction and specific facets of current-job satisfaction of U.S. pharmacists, compare satisfaction across genders, and examine the determinants of career satisfaction. This study was based on self-reported survey data collected from a random sample of licensed pharmacists practicing throughout the United States. The sample consisted of 422 men and 315 women. Within each gender, pharmacists’ career satisfaction was modeled using ordinary least squares as a function of three sets of variables: personal characteristics, earnings and workweek, and other job-related variables. Female pharmacists exhibited higher levels of contentment with their careers than their male counterparts. Their career-satisfaction levels were not affected by age, marital status, annual earnings, or average workweek, covariates that systematically influenced male pharmacists’ career satisfaction. Job satisfaction substantially affected pharmacists’ long-term career satisfaction. Male and female pharmacists responded differently to stimuli, so a uniform set of work-related incentives may not be effective for both genders. Initiatives perceived by male practitioners as increasing satisfaction may be adversely perceived by female practitioners, and vice-versa.

Using Nonlinear Budget Sets to Estimate Extensive Margin Responses: Method and Evidence from the Earnings Test

We estimate the impact of the Social Security Annual Earnings Test (AET) on older workers’ employment. The AET reduces social security claimants’ current benefits in proportion to their earnings in excess of an exempt amount. Using a regression kink design and Social Security Administration data, we document that the discontinuous change in the benefit reduction rate at the exempt amount causes a corresponding change in the slope of the employment rate, suggesting that the extensive margin of labor supply is more sensitive to this policy than commonly thought. We develop a model and method that allow us to translate the behavioral responses into a lower bound estimate of 0.49 for the extensive margin elasticity, which implies more than a 1 percentage point increase in work in the absence of the AET. (JEL H55, J14, J22, J26, J31)

Wage Differentials in Malaysia: Public Employment, Gender, and Ethnicity

The study examines the earnings differentials between the public and private sector in the Malaysian economy in terms of the moderations of the gender and ethnic wage differences in the public sector. The study uses the annual earnings from the Salaries and Wages Survey for 2011 and 2016. The key findings are that public employees are paid higher wages compared with private sector employees and the overall gender and ethnic wage differentials have declined in recent years. We also find that both gender and ethnic wage differentials are much smaller in the public sector.

Earning Capacity of Private Rehabilitation Counselors

The following study builds upon prior research on rehabilitation counseling salary surveys completed by the American Counseling Association (ACA), the Commission on Rehabilitation Counselor Certification (CRCC), the International Association of Rehabilitation Professionals (IARP), and the American Board of Vocational Experts (ABVE). The present study examines the current state of salary distribution within the private sector of rehabilitation counseling by combining the data sets from the IARP and ABVE participants into one large sample for regression analyses. The survey was created by building on the existing ACA and CRCC salary surveys in the counseling field and refined with the assistance of a Delphi panel of 10 nationally known rehabilitation counselors with an average of 31 years clinical experience. The survey participants included 524 members of IARP and ABVE who completed the identical online survey to provide the data to examine the average annual earnings, demographics, and participants who experienced disabilities during their career within the two national organizations. Results found that gender, education level, practice setting, licensure status, and years in practice were statistically significant.

Earnings Shocks and Stabilization During COVID-19

This paper documents the magnitude and distribution of U.S. earnings changes during the COVID-19 pandemic and how fiscal relief offset lost earnings. We build panels from administrative tax data to measure annual earnings changes. The frequency of earnings declines during the pandemic were similar to the Great Recession, but the distribution was very different. In 2020, workers starting in the bottom half of the distribution were more likely to experience large annual earnings declines and a similar share of male and female workers had large earnings declines. While most workers experiencing large annual earnings declines do not receive unemployment insurance, over half of beneficiaries were made whole in 2020, as unemployment insurance replaced a median of 103 percent of their annual earnings declines. After incorporating unemployment insurance, the likelihood of large earnings declines among low-earning workers was not only smaller than during the Great Recession, but also smaller than in 2019.