Efficiency of the biconical trap and biases in catches of female and tenerals of Glossina pallidipes, Austen

1989 ◽  
Vol 10 (05) ◽  
pp. 651-659
Author(s):  
Mary L. A. Owaga
Keyword(s):  
Glossina Pallidipes ◽  
Biconical Trap

The responses of Glossina pallidipes Austen (Diptera: Glossinidae) to odourbaited traps and targets in Somalia

1989 ◽  
Vol 79 (1) ◽  
pp. 99-108 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. J Torr ◽  
A. G Parker ◽  
G Leigh-Browne
Keyword(s):  
Glossina Pallidipes ◽  
Published Data ◽  
South Eastern ◽  
Biconical Trap

AbstractStudies were carried out at Jilaal Moogi, south-eastern Somalia, of the responses of Glossina pallidipes Austen to traps and targets. F3 traps caught three times as many tsetse as a biconical trap. Baiting F3 traps with acetone (released at 5–50 000 mg/h), butanone (10–50 mg/h) or octenol (0·05–5 mg/h) either alone or as mixtures did not affect the catch significantly. The catch was increased by 1·6 times (P<0·05) by releasing a mixture of 4–methylphenol (at 0–2 mg/h) and 3-n-propylphenol (0·04 mg/h), and by four times by releasing a mixture of acetone (500 mg/h), octenol (0·5 mg/h) and the two phenols. Baiting a target enclosed in an electric net with the combination of acetone, octenol and phenols increased the catch only 1·3 times, (P>0.05). Baiting an electric net plus target with natural ox odour increased the catch 1·8 times (P<0·05). A pthalogen blue (peak reflectivity = 40% at 450 nm) target caught 1·7 times as many tsetse as a black target (P<0·01) and a standard blue (reflectivity = 29%) target caught 7·4 times the catch of a yellow one (P<0·001). The results are compared with published data from Zimbabwe, Kenya and Mozambique, and it is noted that the level of response of G. pallidipes in Somalia to host odours is lower than elsewhere.

The responses of Glossina pallidipes and G. longipennis (Diptera: Glossinidae) to odour-baited traps and targets at Galana Ranch, south-eastern Kenya

1993 ◽  
Vol 83 (2) ◽  
pp. 145-151 ◽  
Author(s):  
M Baylis ◽  
C. O Nambiro
Keyword(s):  
Similar Pattern ◽  
Glossina Pallidipes ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
South Eastern ◽  
A Value ◽  
Baited Traps ◽  
Cow Urine ◽  
Identical Material ◽  
Trap Catches ◽  
Biconical Trap

AbstractFour designs of trap, all made from identical material, were compared at Galana Ranch, south-eastern Kenya, as sampling devices for Glossina pallidipes Austen and G. longipennis Corti. The NG2G and Epsilon traps caught more than twice as many female G. pallidipes as the biconical trap, and the F3 was intermediate. A similar, pattern was observed for males, although the differences were smaller, and not significant. The NG2G, Epsilon and F3 traps all caught approximately twice as many male and female G. longipennis as the biconical trap. Acetone (500 mg/h) significantly increased trap catches of G. pallidipes, and there was a synergism between acetone and 4-methylphenol (0.8 mg/h). There was little or no effect with 1-octen-3-ol (0.8 mg/h). Acetone, 1-octen-3-ol, and 4-methylphenol all increased trap catches of G. longipennis, and there were no synergisms among them. Cow urine (850 mg/h) increased the catches of both species in traps baited with acetone and 1-octen-3-ol, although not significantly for G. longipennis. There was no effect with 3-methylphenol (0.8 mg/h). The addition of 3-propylphenol to traps baited with acetone, 1-octen-3-ol and 4-methylphenol had no effect on the catches of either species. For G.pallidipes, a combination of acetone, 1-octen-3-ol, 4-methylphenol and 3-propylphenol was calculated to have a catch index of 6–8 over unbaited traps, a value lower than that reported for Zimbabwe and Nguruman, Kenya, and greater than that reported for Somalia. The catches of G. longipennis were approximately three times higher on electrified targets than in F3 traps, although there was no difference in the catch of G. pallidipes.

scholarly journals An update on the distribution of Glossina (tsetse flies) at the wildlife-human-livestock interface of Akagera National Park, Rwanda

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard S. Gashururu ◽  
Samuel M. Githigia ◽  
Methode N. Gasana ◽  
Richard Habimana ◽  
Ndichu Maingi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
National Park ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Glossina Pallidipes ◽  
Distribution Patterns ◽  
Tsetse Flies ◽  
Wet Season ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Surrounding Areas ◽  
Biconical Traps

Abstract Background Glossina (tsetse flies) biologically transmit trypanosomes that infect both humans and animals. Knowledge of their distribution patterns is a key element to better understand the transmission dynamics of trypanosomosis. Tsetse distribution in Rwanda has not been well enough documented, and little is known on their current distribution. This study determined the current spatial distribution, abundance, diversity, and seasonal variations of tsetse flies in and around the Akagera National Park. Methods A longitudinal stratified sampling following the seasons was used. Biconical traps were deployed in 55 sites for 6 consecutive days of each study month from May 2018 to June 2019 and emptied every 48 h. Flies were identified using FAO keys, and the number of flies per trap day (FTD) was used to determine the apparent density. Pearson chi-square (χ2) and parametrical tests (t-test and ANOVA) were used to determine the variations between the variables. The significance (p < 0.05) at 95% confidence interval was considered. Logistic regression was used to determine the association between tsetse occurrence and the associated predictors. Results A total of 39,516 tsetse flies were collected, of which 73.4 and 26.6% were from inside Akagera NP and the interface area, respectively. Female flies accounted for 61.3 while 38.7% were males. Two species were identified, i.e. G. pallidipes [n = 29,121, 7.4 flies/trap/day (FTD)] and G. morsitans centralis (n = 10,395; 2.6 FTD). The statistical difference in numbers was significant between the two species (p = 0.000). The flies were more abundant during the wet season (15.8 FTD) than the dry season (4.2 FTD). Large numbers of flies were trapped around the swamp areas (69.1 FTD) inside the park and in Nyagatare District (11.2 FTD) at the interface. Glossina morsitans was 0.218 times less likely to occur outside the park. The chance of co-existing between the two species reduced outside the protected area (0.021 times). Conclusions The occurrence of Glossina seems to be limited to the protected Akagera NP and a narrow band of its surrounding areas. This finding will be crucial to design appropriate control strategies. Glossina pallidipes was found in higher numbers and therefore is conceivably the most important vector of trypanosomosis. Regional coordinated control and regular monitoring of Glossina distribution are recommended. Graphic Abstract

scholarly journals Comparative performance of traps in catching tsetse flies (Diptera: Glossinidae) in Tanzania

2016 ◽  
Vol 83 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Imna I. Malele ◽  
Johnson O. Ouma ◽  
Hamisi S. Nyingilili ◽  
Winston A. Kitwika ◽  
Deusdedit J. Malulu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Glossina Pallidipes ◽  
Abundant Species ◽  
Tsetse Fly ◽  
Tsetse Flies ◽  
Comparative Performance ◽  
Control Programmes ◽  
Fly Control ◽  
Tsetse Fly Control ◽  
Species Being ◽  
Biconical Traps

This study was conducted to determine the efficiency of different tsetse traps in 28 sites across Tanzania. The traps used were biconical, H, NGU, NZI, pyramidal, S3, mobile, and sticky panels. Stationary traps were deployed at a distance of 200 m apart and examined 72 h after deployment. The results showed that 117 (52.2%) out of the 224 traps deployed captured at least one Glossina species. A total of five Glossina species were captured, namely Glossina brevipalpis, Glossina pallidipes, Glossina swynnertoni, Glossina morsitans, and Glossina fuscipes martinii. Biconical traps caught tsetse flies in 27 sites, pyramidal in 26, sticky panel in 20, mobile in 19, S3 in 15, NGU in 7, H in 2 and NZI in 1. A total of 21 107 tsetse flies were trapped, with the most abundant species being G. swynnertoni (55.9%), followed by G. pallidipes (31.1%), G. fuscipes martinii (6.9%) and G. morsitans (6.0%). The least caught was G. brevipalpis (0.2%). The highest number of flies were caught by NGU traps (32.5%), followed by sticky panel (16%), mobile (15.4%), pyramidal (13.0%), biconical (11.3%) and S3 (10.2%). NZI traps managed to catch 0.9% of the total flies and H traps 0.7%. From this study, it can be concluded that the most efficient trap was NGU, followed by sticky panel and mobile, in that order. Therefore, for tsetse fly control programmes, NGU traps could be the better choice. Conversely, of the stationary traps, pyramidal and biconical traps captured tsetse flies in the majority of sites, covering all three ecosystems better than any other traps; therefore, they would be suitable for scouting for tsetse infestation in any given area, thus sparing the costs of making traps for each specific Glossina species.Keywords: tseste; traps; densties; Glossina; mobile; stationary; Tanzania

The susceptibility of Glossina pallidipes Austen (Diptera: Glossinidae) to insecticide deposits on targets

1985 ◽  
Vol 75 (3) ◽  
pp. 451-458 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. J. Torr
Keyword(s):  
Glossina Pallidipes ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
The Sun ◽  
Wet Season ◽  
Emulsifiable Concentrate ◽  
Aqueous Suspensions ◽  
Wettable Powder

AbstractStudies were made of the susceptibility of wild-caught females of Glossina pallidipes Austen to deposits of DDT, dieldrin and deltamethrin on cotton canvas and Terylene netting. Aqueous suspensions of 3% dieldrin wettable powder, 3% dieldrin emulsifiable concentrate, 5·0% DDT wettable powder and 0·0625% deltamethrin flowable concentrate, were sprayed on the canvas at 0·36% litre/m2 Over 95% of the flies resting for 45 s on fresh deposits of these insecticides died within 72 h. Deposits of dieldrin, DDT and deltamethrin exposed to the sun during 140 days of the dry season produced mortalities of 100, 0 and 10% compared with 100, 75 and 100% for shaded deposits. The concentration of dieldrin and deltamethrin on exposed canvas was about 1% that on shaded canvas, but dieldrin produced photodieldrin upon exposure to the sun. Flies colliding with Terylene netting that had been immersed in 0·75–6·0% suspensions of dieldrin wettable powder and 0·01–0·1% suspensions of deltamethrin flowable concentrate produced mortalities of 100%. Deltamethrin deposits were resistant to weathering by rain, but dieldrin deposits were not. It is suggested that deltamethrin flowable concentrate should be used during the wet season and that dieldrin wettable powder should be used during the dry season. Dieldrin sprayed on an electrocuting target reduced the catch, but deltamethrin did not.

Aircraft Applications of Insecticides in East Africa. VI.—Applications of a coarse Aerosol containning DDT to control the Tsetse Flies, Glossina morsitans Westw., Glossina swynnertoni Aust. and Glossina pallidipes Aust.

1954 ◽  
Vol 45 (3) ◽  
pp. 585-603 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. S. Hocking ◽  
D. Yeo ◽  
D. G. Anstey
Keyword(s):  
Random Effects ◽  
Glossina Pallidipes ◽  
Tsetse Flies ◽  
Glossina Morsitans ◽  
Median Diameter ◽  
Coarse Aerosol ◽  
Savannah Woodland ◽  
Mass Median ◽  
Glossina Swynnertoni ◽  
Mass Median Diameter

An experiment is described where applications of a coarse aerosol were made to savannah woodland containing the tsetse flies, Glossina moritans Westw., G. swynnertoni Aust. and G. pallidipes Aust.Seven applications were made, each at a nominal dosage of 0·25 lb. of technical DDT per acre and 0·25 gallons of solution per acre. The applications in any particular part of the treaed woodland covered an interval of 90 days, or rather more than two pupal periods.The coarse aerosol was produced by emitting the insecticidal solution under pressure through fine nozzles fitted to a boom. It had a mass median diameter of approximately 60 microns, and droplet dismeters varied from a few microns to approximately 200 microns.The population of G. pallidipes was so drastically reduced that it has subsequently dies out. The reduction of G. morsitans was approximately 95 per cent. The differences between the reductions are attributed mainly to differences between the ease with which the three species can be killed. It is pointed out that this is not necessarily equivalent to differences in susceptibility.Comparisons are made with previous experiments, and the different results of the various experiments are difficult to explian satisfactory. The increased cover in savannah areas during the leafy period may have reduced the effectiveness of the applications, and the total periods covered by the various series of applications were probably also important. Random effects, leading to ineffective treatments, may also be important.Costs are discussed.

scholarly journals Differential virulence and tsetse fly transmissibility of Trypanosoma congolense and Trypanosoma brucei strains

2017 ◽  
Vol 84 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Purity K. Gitonga ◽  
Kariuki Ndung’u ◽  
Grace A. Murilla ◽  
Paul C. Thande ◽  
Florence N. Wamwiri ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Survival Time ◽  
Trypanosoma Brucei ◽  
Acute Infection ◽  
Glossina Pallidipes ◽  
Trypanosoma Congolense ◽  
Tsetse Fly ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Entire Group ◽  
Tsetse Flies ◽  
African Countries

African animal trypanosomiasis causes significant economic losses in sub-Saharan African countries because of livestock mortalities and reduced productivity. Trypanosomes, the causative agents, are transmitted by tsetse flies (Glossina spp.). In the current study, we compared and contrasted the virulence characteristics of five Trypanosoma congolense and Trypanosoma brucei isolates using groups of Swiss white mice (n = 6). We further determined the vectorial capacity of Glossina pallidipes, for each of the trypanosome isolates. Results showed that the overall pre-patent (PP) periods were 8.4 ± 0.9 (range, 4–11) and 4.5 ± 0.2 (range, 4–6) for T. congolense and T. brucei isolates, respectively (p < 0.01). Despite the longer mean PP, T. congolense–infected mice exhibited a significantly (p < 0.05) shorter survival time than T. brucei–infected mice, indicating greater virulence. Differences were also noted among the individual isolates with T. congolense KETRI 2909 causing the most acute infection of the entire group with a mean ± standard error survival time of 9 ± 2.1 days. Survival time of infected tsetse flies and the proportion with mature infections at 30 days post-exposure to the infective blood meals varied among isolates, with subacute infection–causing T. congolense EATRO 1829 and chronic infection–causing T. brucei EATRO 2267 isolates showing the highest mature infection rates of 38.5% and 23.1%, respectively. Therefore, our study provides further evidence of occurrence of differences in virulence and transmissibility of eastern African trypanosome strains and has identified two, T. congolense EATRO 1829 and T. brucei EATRO 2267, as suitable for tsetse infectivity and transmissibility experiments.

The effect of cattle infection by Trypanosoma congolense on the attraction, and feeding success, of the tsetse fly Glossina pallidipes

Parasitology ◽  
1993 ◽  
Vol 106 (4) ◽  
pp. 357-361 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Baylis ◽  
C. O. Nambiro
Keyword(s):  
Glossina Pallidipes ◽  
Trypanosoma Congolense ◽  
Tsetse Fly ◽  
Infected Cattle ◽  
Feeding Success

SUMMARYAn incomplete ring of electric nets was placed around uninfected cattle and cattle infected with Trypanosoma congolense. The numbers of fed and unfed Glossina pallidipes caught on the nets were used to estimate the attractiveness of infected and uninfected cattle to tsetse, and the feeding success of tsetse on the cattle. There was no difference in the attractiveness of infected and uninfected cattle to G. pallidipes. However, the feeding success of G. pallidipes on infected cattle was 75 % greater than on uninfected cattle. This suggests that certain effects of T. congolense on cattle behaviour or physiology act to increase the probability of transmission of the parasite by increasing the feeding success of the vector. The nature of the effects of T. congolense on cattle which caused this result is unknown, but several possibilities are discussed.

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