The responses of Glossina pallidipes and G. longipennis (Diptera: Glossinidae) to odour-baited traps and targets at Galana Ranch, south-eastern Kenya

1993 ◽  
Vol 83 (2) ◽  
pp. 145-151 ◽  
Author(s):  
M Baylis ◽  
C. O Nambiro
Keyword(s):  
Similar Pattern ◽  
Glossina Pallidipes ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
South Eastern ◽  
A Value ◽  
Baited Traps ◽  
Cow Urine ◽  
Identical Material ◽  
Trap Catches ◽  
Biconical Trap

AbstractFour designs of trap, all made from identical material, were compared at Galana Ranch, south-eastern Kenya, as sampling devices for Glossina pallidipes Austen and G. longipennis Corti. The NG2G and Epsilon traps caught more than twice as many female G. pallidipes as the biconical trap, and the F3 was intermediate. A similar, pattern was observed for males, although the differences were smaller, and not significant. The NG2G, Epsilon and F3 traps all caught approximately twice as many male and female G. longipennis as the biconical trap. Acetone (500 mg/h) significantly increased trap catches of G. pallidipes, and there was a synergism between acetone and 4-methylphenol (0.8 mg/h). There was little or no effect with 1-octen-3-ol (0.8 mg/h). Acetone, 1-octen-3-ol, and 4-methylphenol all increased trap catches of G. longipennis, and there were no synergisms among them. Cow urine (850 mg/h) increased the catches of both species in traps baited with acetone and 1-octen-3-ol, although not significantly for G. longipennis. There was no effect with 3-methylphenol (0.8 mg/h). The addition of 3-propylphenol to traps baited with acetone, 1-octen-3-ol and 4-methylphenol had no effect on the catches of either species. For G.pallidipes, a combination of acetone, 1-octen-3-ol, 4-methylphenol and 3-propylphenol was calculated to have a catch index of 6–8 over unbaited traps, a value lower than that reported for Zimbabwe and Nguruman, Kenya, and greater than that reported for Somalia. The catches of G. longipennis were approximately three times higher on electrified targets than in F3 traps, although there was no difference in the catch of G. pallidipes.

The influence of weather and time of day on trap catches of males and females of Lucilia cuprina (Wiedemann) (Diptera: Calliphoridae)

1985 ◽  
Vol 75 (2) ◽  
pp. 315-320 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. G. Vogt ◽  
T. L. Woodburn ◽  
R. Morton ◽  
B. A. Ellem
Keyword(s):  
Early Morning ◽  
Time Of Day ◽  
Lucilia Cuprina ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Late Afternoon ◽  
Four Seasons ◽  
Baited Traps ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Catch Rates ◽  
Trap Catches

AbstractDifferences in responses of males and females of Lucilia cuprina (Wiedemann) to carrion-baited traps were examined in Australia in relation to time of day, temperature, wind speed, relative humidity and solar radiation. The differences were small compared with responses obtained for the combined sexes (total catch), but the results were inconsistent over the four seasons of trapping. The seasons with most data (1975–1976 and 1981–1982) gave reasonably consistent results. Seasonal differences, although significant, were small enough to neglect for the purpose of standardizing trap catches. Time-of-day effects were also unimportant, except that males tended to be less active than females during the early morning (dawn-0900 h) and more active than females during the late afternoon (1500 h-dusk). Separate models are presented for standardization of male and female catch rates; the estimates differ from those obtained from total catches, but the differences are small compared to the observed day-to-day variation in catch rates.

Studies of the sampling of Glossina pallidipes Aust. III.—The hunger stages of male flies caught on cattle and in Morris traps

1961 ◽  
Vol 52 (3) ◽  
pp. 601-607 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. M. Smith ◽  
B. D. Rennison
Keyword(s):  
Glossina Pallidipes ◽  
Stage Iii ◽  
South Eastern ◽  
Trap Catches ◽  
Eastern Uganda

When non-teneral male flies of Glossina pallidipes Aust. were caught concurrently on oxen and in Morris traps in two experiments in south-eastern Uganda and classified, within 1½ hr. of capture, according to a modification of the hunger-stage categories described by Jackson, individual recorders were found to differ markedly in their assessments. No conclusions regarding the hunger stage of flies taken by different attractants could therefore be drawn from the first experiment, but in the second, which was so designed as to discount possible bias amongst recorders, the proportions of ‘hungry ’ (stage III + IV) flies in catches of males were similar on variously coloured individual oxen, and generally higher than in trap catches, in which the proportions varied widely. As all the traps appeared identical, no generalisation is possible about the mechanism by which non-teneral male flies are attracted to and induced to enter such traps.

Traps and odour baits for the tsetse fly, Glossina longipennis (Diptera: Glossinidae)

1990 ◽  
Vol 80 (4) ◽  
pp. 405-415 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Kyorku ◽  
R. Brightwell ◽  
R.D. Dransfield
Keyword(s):  
High Mobility ◽  
Tsetse Fly ◽  
Age Composition ◽  
South West ◽  
Cow Urine ◽  
Trap Catches ◽  
Odour Bait ◽  
Biconical Trap ◽  
Bait System

AbstractStudies were carried out at Nguruman, south-west Kenya to develop an effective trap/odour bait system that could be used for sampling and possibly controlling the tsetse Glossina longipennis Corti. Neither acetone nor cow urine increased trap catches significantly when used alone, but together they increased catches by about four to five times. Used with a target and electric screens, acetone with p-cresol, 3-n-propyl phenol and 1-octen-3-ol gave a significantly higher index of increase than did acetone and cow urine. The use of odour baits did not affect the age composition of the catch. The standard F3 trap was about three and a half times more effective for females than was the biconical trap and about eight times more effective when used without its blue floor. The NG2B was the best of the NGU series of designs, and caught about four times more females than did the biconical trap. Neither the F3 nor the NG2B caught significantly more males than the biconical trap. The NG2B caught a significantly higher proportion of parous female flies than the biconical. Either the F3 or the cheaper NG2B, baited with acetone and cow urine or phenols, is recommended as a sampling tool for G. longipennis. Electric screen experiments showed that the NG2B caught less than 10% of the flies that approached it. Despite this, it might still be effective for control of G. longipennis given the high mobility of this species and the consequent likelihood of encountering traps.

Control of tsetse fly (Diptera: Glossinidae) populations using traps at Nguruman, south-west Kenya

1990 ◽  
Vol 80 (3) ◽  
pp. 265-276 ◽  
Author(s):  
R.D. Dransfield ◽  
R. Brightwell ◽  
C. Kyorku ◽  
B. Williams
Keyword(s):  
Adult Population ◽  
Glossina Pallidipes ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
Tsetse Fly ◽  
Community Based ◽  
Tsetse Control ◽  
Baited Traps ◽  
Mark Release Recapture ◽  
Cow Urine ◽  
Short Rains

AbstractA field trial was carried out in a Maasai group ranch to assess the use of odour-baited traps for suppression of a population of the tsetse fly Glossina pallidipes Austen. In January, 1987, local people made 100 NG2B traps in their homesteads. These were then deployed within the suppression zone of about 100 km2, primarily in the areas of woodland where flies aggregate in the dry season. Traps were baited with acetone (ca. 150 mg/h) and cow urine (ca. 1000 mg/h) and checked at monthly intervals in order to replenish odours and repair damage. A further 90 traps were added between October and December to enlarge the suppression area slightly and to strengthen the trap barriers. The population was monitored using biconical and NG2B traps as well as by mark-release-recapture estimates of population size. By October the number of G. pallidipes in the suppression zone was reduced by 98–99% relative to the number 3 km outside the suppression zone. Some reinvasion, mainly of parous females, occurred in November during the short rains but these flies were rapidly trapped out again. Average mortality rates due to trapping were estimated at 4–5% per day, which, combined with the natural mortality, reduced the adult population at a rate of about 2.6% per day during the dry season. The traps had less effect on the smaller population of G. longipennis Corti but still gave a reduction of up to 90% in the dry season. The use of this low technology approach offers good prospects for future community-based tsetse control operations.

The responses of Glossina pallidipes Austen (Diptera: Glossinidae) to odourbaited traps and targets in Somalia

1989 ◽  
Vol 79 (1) ◽  
pp. 99-108 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. J Torr ◽  
A. G Parker ◽  
G Leigh-Browne
Keyword(s):  
Glossina Pallidipes ◽  
Published Data ◽  
South Eastern ◽  
Biconical Trap

AbstractStudies were carried out at Jilaal Moogi, south-eastern Somalia, of the responses of Glossina pallidipes Austen to traps and targets. F3 traps caught three times as many tsetse as a biconical trap. Baiting F3 traps with acetone (released at 5–50 000 mg/h), butanone (10–50 mg/h) or octenol (0·05–5 mg/h) either alone or as mixtures did not affect the catch significantly. The catch was increased by 1·6 times (P<0·05) by releasing a mixture of 4–methylphenol (at 0–2 mg/h) and 3-n-propylphenol (0·04 mg/h), and by four times by releasing a mixture of acetone (500 mg/h), octenol (0·5 mg/h) and the two phenols. Baiting a target enclosed in an electric net with the combination of acetone, octenol and phenols increased the catch only 1·3 times, (P>0.05). Baiting an electric net plus target with natural ox odour increased the catch 1·8 times (P<0·05). A pthalogen blue (peak reflectivity = 40% at 450 nm) target caught 1·7 times as many tsetse as a black target (P<0·01) and a standard blue (reflectivity = 29%) target caught 7·4 times the catch of a yellow one (P<0·001). The results are compared with published data from Zimbabwe, Kenya and Mozambique, and it is noted that the level of response of G. pallidipes in Somalia to host odours is lower than elsewhere.

Normal levels of vitamin A in tissues of the Syrian hamster (Mesocricetus auratus) determined colorimetrically

1988 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 117-121 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. E. Robinson ◽  
A. M. Verrinder Gibbins ◽  
M. H. Hardy
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin A ◽  
Syrian Hamster ◽  
Cheek Pouch ◽  
Standard Diet ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
A Value ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Wet Weight ◽  
The Mean

Vitamin A levels in tissues of 20 normal adult hamsters on a standard diet were measured colorimetrically. No significant difference between male and female animals was found for any of the tissues sampled. The mean vitamin A value for blood plasma in 20 animals was 53·4 μg/dl. Mean values for liver, kidneys, flank skin and cheek pouch were 813, 1·29, 1·84 and 1·31 mg/g wet weight, respectively. The vitamin assay was less suitable for small organs such as trachea.

BIOSYSTEMATICS OF PISSODES GERMAR (COLEOPTERA: CURCULIONIDAE): SEASONALITY, MORPHOLOGY, AND SYNONYMY OF P. APPROXIMATUS HOPKINS AND P. NEMORENSIS GERMAR

1987 ◽  
Vol 119 (5) ◽  
pp. 465-480 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas W. Phillips ◽  
Stephen A. Teale ◽  
Gerald N. Lanier
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Seasonal Activity ◽  
Laboratory Studies ◽  
Geographic Pattern ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Body Dimensions ◽  
Baited Traps ◽  
Morphological Differences ◽  
Subjective Synonym

AbstractPissodes approximatus Hopkins (1911) is a junior subjective synonym of P. nemorensis Germar (1824). The conspecificity of these entities, traditionally considered distinct based only on distribution and slight morphological differences, is corroborated here with comparative studies of ecology, behavior, and morphology. When pheromone-baited traps were deployed during the spring (May–June) and fall (November–December) in several localities to examine seasonal activity, southern populations (P. nemorensis sensu Hopkins) responded only in the fall and northern populations only in the spring, but a population in Virginia responded during both seasons. Laboratory studies found that individuals from five southern populations became reproductively mature under 16:8, 12:12, and 8:16 (L:D) photoperiods but weevils in a New York population did not mature under the 8:16 photoperiod. A two-species model based on strict seasonal isolation between northern and southern populations is rejected. Morphometrics revealed significant differences in six body dimensions and three morphometric ratios among 13 populations, but there was no geographic pattern of differences to suggest the existence of two species. Sexual dimorphism in rostrum length was most pronounced in southern populations but occurred in all five populations in which it was investigated. Examination of male and female genitalia revealed similar variation in northern and southern populations and conflicted with previously reported diagnostic differences. Our study and the results of earlier work lead us to conclude that the populations previously represented by the names P. nemorensis and P. approximatus comprise one widely distributed species and display intraspecific variation in life history and morphological characters.

scholarly journals Comparative study of the body composition of different turkey genotypes by means of CT (short communication)

2003 ◽  
Vol 46 (3) ◽  
pp. 285-292
Author(s):  
G. Andrássy-Baka ◽  
R. Romvári ◽  
Z. Sütő ◽  
A. Szabó ◽  
P. Horn
Keyword(s):  
Live Weight ◽  
The Body ◽  
Ct Scanner ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Scanning Procedure ◽  
A Value ◽  
Body Fat Content ◽  
Relevant Group ◽  
Total Body

Abstract. Male and female BUT Big 6 and Bronze turkeys (type 1967) kept in a gene reserve were in vivoL investigated with non-invasive high resolution computerized tomography by means of a sipral CT scanner. The imaging procedure was carried out at the ages of 5, 12, 16 and 21 weeks on two turkeys, in both sexes. All animals were kept under intensive conditions according to the demands of the conformation and the body weight of the relevant group average. On the basis of 30–50 scans gathered from each bird during the scanning procedure the volumetric measurement of the total body muscle content was performed. These values were at the 5th week 0.9 and 0.8 vs. 0.3 and 0.2 dm3 in BUT male and female vs. Bronze male and female birds. At the 21st week the respective values were: 12.65 and 7.66 vs. 3.60 and 2.28 dm3. The total body fat content was characterised by the so called "fat index", a value independent of the live weight. This indices were at the 21st week: 0.12 and 0.20 vs. 0.12 and 0.13 following the above order. The investigation of the tissue development in the body was carried out by means of 3D histograms. The morphologic properties of the breast muscles were compared based on real 3D reconstructed images at the age of 21 weeks where the major differences concerned the m. pectoralis superficialis. The applied imaging methods are well applicable to describe the anatomic and body compositional differences in the excessively different genotypes.

scholarly journals GENDER GAP IN EDUCATION: THE CASE OF EASTERN & SOUTH-EASTERN REGIONS OF AFGHANISTAN

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (6) ◽  
pp. 202-211
Author(s):  
Najibullah Totakhiel
Keyword(s):  
Gender Gap ◽  
Gender Disparity ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Eastern Region ◽  
Literacy Rate ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Teacher Gender ◽  
Provincial Level ◽  
South Eastern ◽  
World Economic

This research aims to find the size of the gender gap in education in the ten provinces of the Eastern Region (ER) and the South-Eastern Region (SER) of Afghanistan. Based on the World Economic Forum (WEF) approach to the gender gap, the study measures the educational gender gap index (EGGI) at both the regional and provincial level. The study found that the regional EGGI is 0.30. This means that 70% of the gender gap remains. The EGGI in the ER is 0.35, while in the SER it is 0.25, which means that 65% and 75% of the gender gap remains in the ER and the SER respectively. Thus, the gap is smaller in the ER than in the SER. At the provincial level, the best performing province is Nangarhar, where 42% of the gap has been closed. The worst performing province is Wardak, where only 15% of the gap has been closed. Of the six sub-indexes of the EGGI which were calculated from the primary data, the largest gender disparity is in the enrolment in tertiary level education, which has a gap of 69%. The second largest gap is 55% for the number of male and female schools. Both middle school enrolment and teacher gender ratio have similar sized gaps of 53%. The gaps for enrolment in primary education and secondary education are lower, at 30% and 43% respectively. The gap between the male and female student-teacher ratios is 73.6%. Furthermore, there is a 67.7% gap in literacy rate between males and females across the country.

Perceptual Organization of Speech Sounds by Infants

1983 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 268-282 ◽  
Author(s):  
James Hillenbrand
Keyword(s):  
Perceptual Organization ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Stop Consonants ◽  
Speech Sounds ◽  
Head Turn ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
A Value ◽  
Feature Similarity ◽  
Feature Dimension ◽  
Dimension One

An operant head-turn procedure was used to test whether 6-month-old infants recognize the auditor similarity of speech sounds sharing a value on a phonetic-feature dimension. One group of infants was reinforced for head turns when a change occurred from a series of repeating background stimuli containing nasal consonants ([m, n, ŋ]) to repetitions from a category of syllables containing voiced stop consonants ([b, d, g]), or to a change from stops to nasals. The stimuli were naturally produced by both male and female talkers. The performance of infants in this "phonetic" group was compared to that of infants in a "nonphonetic" control group. Using the same procedures, these infants were reinforced for head turns to a group of phonetically unrelated speech sounds. Results indicated that the performance of infants in the group trained on phonetically related speech sounds was far superior to that of infants in the nonphonetic control group. These findings suggest that prelinguistic infants can perceptually organize speech sounds on the basis of auditory properties related to feature similarity.

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