scholarly journals Gas-Phase Reactions in the ISM: Rate Coefficients, Temperature Dependences, and Reaction Products

2011 ◽  
Vol 7 (S280) ◽  
pp. 361-371 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ian W. M. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Interstellar Medium ◽  
Gas Phase ◽  
Rate Coefficients ◽  
Reaction Products ◽  
Empirical Methods ◽  
Gas Phase Reactions ◽  
Rich Variety ◽  
Temperature Dependences ◽  
The Rich ◽  
Semi Empirical

AbstractInformation about the rate coefficients and products of processes that occur in the interstellar medium are required as input to computer models that seek to reproduce the abundances of the rich variety of molecules that have been observed in different regions of the interstellar medium. In this brief review, I seek to identify the different kinds of gas-phase processes for which information is required and to consider the experimental, theoretical, and semi-empirical methods which are employed to measure or predict rate coefficients, k(T), and how they depend on temperature (T) – and also how the products of reactions can, in favourable cases, be observed.

scholarly journals Database for the kinetics of the gas-phase atmospheric reactions of organic compounds

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Max R. McGillen ◽  
William P.L. Carter ◽  
Abdelwahid Mellouki ◽  
John J. Orlando ◽  
Bénédicte Picquet-Varrault ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gas Phase ◽  
Organic Compounds ◽  
Degradation Products ◽  
Rate Coefficients ◽  
Training Dataset ◽  
Gas Phase Reactions ◽  
Atmospheric Reactions ◽  
Temperature Dependences ◽  
Potential Applications ◽  
Kinetics Of

Abstract. We present a digital, freely available, searchable and evaluated compilation of rate coefficients for the gas-phase reactions of organic compounds with OH, Cl and NO3 radicals and with O3 (McGillen et al., 2019). Although other compilations of much of these data exist, many are out-of-date, most have limited scope, and all are difficult to search and to load completely into a digitized form. This compilation uses results of previous reviews, though many recommendations are updated to incorporate new or omitted data or address errors, and includes recommendations on many reactions that have not been reviewed previously. The database, which incorporates over 50 years of measurements, consists of a total of 2765 recommended bimolecular rate coefficients for the reactions of 1357 organic substances with OH, 709 with Cl, 310 with O3, and 389 with NO3, and is much larger than previous compilations. A large variety of functional groups is present in this database, including naturally occurring chemicals formed in or emitted to the atmosphere and anthropogenic compounds such as halocarbons and their degradation products. Recommendations were made for rate coefficients at 298 K and, where possible, the temperature dependences over the entire range of the available data. The primary motivation behind this project has been to provide a large and thoroughly evaluated training dataset for the development of structure-activity relationships (SARs), whose reliability depends fundamentally upon the availability of high-quality experimental data. However, there are other potential applications of this work, such as research related to atmospheric lifetimes and fates of organic compounds, or modelling gas-phase reactions of organics in various environments. This database is freely accessible at https://doi.org/10.25326/36 (McGillen et al., 2019).

Gas-Phase Reactions of Chlorine Atoms and ClO Radicals with Dimethyl Sulfide. Rate Coefficients and Temperature Dependences

2002 ◽  
Vol 106 (37) ◽  
pp. 8627-8633 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. Díaz-de-Mera ◽  
A. Aranda ◽  
D. Rodríguez ◽  
R. López ◽  
B. Cabañas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gas Phase ◽  
Dimethyl Sulfide ◽  
Rate Coefficients ◽  
Gas Phase Reactions ◽  
Chlorine Atoms ◽  
Temperature Dependences

scholarly journals Database for the kinetics of the gas-phase atmospheric reactions of organic compounds

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 1203-1216 ◽  
Author(s):  
Max R. McGillen ◽  
William P. L. Carter ◽  
Abdelwahid Mellouki ◽  
John J. Orlando ◽  
Bénédicte Picquet-Varrault ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gas Phase ◽  
Organic Compounds ◽  
Degradation Products ◽  
Rate Coefficients ◽  
Training Dataset ◽  
Gas Phase Reactions ◽  
Atmospheric Reactions ◽  
Temperature Dependences ◽  
Potential Applications ◽  
Kinetics Of

Abstract. We present a digital, freely available, searchable, and evaluated compilation of rate coefficients for the gas-phase reactions of organic compounds with OH, Cl, and NO3 radicals and with O3. Although other compilations of many of these data exist, many are out of date, most have limited scope, and all are difficult to search and to load completely into a digitized form. This compilation uses results of previous reviews, though many recommendations are updated to incorporate new or omitted data or address errors, and includes recommendations on many reactions that have not been reviewed previously. The database, which incorporates over 50 years of measurements, consists of a total of 2765 recommended bimolecular rate coefficients for the reactions of 1357 organic substances with OH, 709 with Cl, 310 with O3, and 389 with NO3, and is much larger than previous compilations. Many compound types are present in this database, including naturally occurring chemicals formed in or emitted to the atmosphere and anthropogenic compounds such as halocarbons and their degradation products. Recommendations are made for rate coefficients at 298 K and, where possible, the temperature dependences over the entire range of the available data. The primary motivation behind this project has been to provide a large and thoroughly evaluated training dataset for the development of structure–activity relationships (SARs), whose reliability depends fundamentally upon the availability of high-quality experimental data. However, there are other potential applications of this work, such as research related to atmospheric lifetimes and fates of organic compounds, or modelling gas-phase reactions of organics in various environments. This database is freely accessible at https://doi.org/10.25326/36 (McGillen et al., 2019).

scholarly journals SOME INSIGHTS INTO FORMAMIDE FORMATION THROUGH GAS-PHASE REACTIONS IN THE INTERSTELLAR MEDIUM

2013 ◽  
Vol 780 (2) ◽  
pp. 181 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pilar Redondo ◽  
Carmen Barrientos ◽  
Antonio Largo
Keyword(s):  
Interstellar Medium ◽  
Gas Phase ◽  
Gas Phase Reactions

scholarly journals Experimental and computational kinetics investigations for the reactions of Cl atoms with series of unsaturated ketones in gas phase

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Siripina Vijayakumar ◽  
Avinash Kumar ◽  
Balla Rajakuma
Keyword(s):  
Gas Phase ◽  
State Theory ◽  
Rate Coefficients ◽  
Gas Phase Reactions ◽  
Temperature Dependent ◽  
Unsaturated Ketones ◽  
Temperature Range ◽  
Computational Calculations ◽  
Temperature Rate ◽  
Cl Atoms

Abstract. Temperature dependent rate coefficients for the gas phase reactions of Cl atoms with 4-hexen-3-one and 5-hexen-2-one were measured over the temperature range of 298–363 K relative to 1-pentene, 1,3-butadiene and isoprene. Gas Chromatography (GC) was used to measure the concentrations of the organics. The derived temperature dependent Arrhenius expressions are k4-hexen-3-one+Cl (298–363 K) = (2.82 ± 1.76)×10−12exp [(1556 ± 438)/T] cm3 molecule−1 s−1 and k5-hexen-2-one+Cl (298–363 K) = (4.6 ± 2.4)×10−11exp[(646 ± 171)/T] cm3 molecule−1 s−1. The corresponding room temperature rate coefficients are (5.54 ± 0.41)×10−10 cm3 molecule−1 s−1 and (4.00 ± 0.37)×10−10 cm3 molecule−1 s−1 for the reactions of Cl atoms with 4-hexen-3-one and 5-hexen-2-one respectively. To understand the mechanism of Cl atom reactions with unsaturated ketones, computational calculations were performed for the reactions of Cl atoms with 4-hexen-3-one, 5-hexen-2-one and 3-penten-2-one over the temperature range of 275–400 K using Canonical Variational Transition state theory (CVT) with Small Curvature Tunneling (SCT) in combination with CCSD(T)/6-31+G(d, p)//MP2/6-311++G(d, p) level of theory. Atmospheric implications, reaction mechanism and feasibility of the title reactions are discussed in this manuscript.

scholarly journals Low temperature gas phase reaction rate coefficient measurements: Toward modeling of stellar winds and the interstellar medium

2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (S350) ◽  
pp. 382-383
Author(s):  
Niclas A. West ◽  
Edward Rutter ◽  
Mark A. Blitz ◽  
Leen Decin ◽  
Dwayne E. Heard
Keyword(s):  
Low Temperature ◽  
Interstellar Medium ◽  
Gas Phase ◽  
Low Temperatures ◽  
Reaction Rate ◽  
Rate Coefficient ◽  
Building Blocks ◽  
Rate Coefficients ◽  
Stellar Winds ◽  
Phase Reaction

AbstractStellar winds of Asymptotic Giant Branch (AGB) stars are responsible for the production of ∼85% of the gas molecules in the interstellar medium (ISM), and yet very few of the gas phase rate coefficients under the relevant conditions (10 – 3000 K) needed to model the rate of production and loss of these molecules in stellar winds have been experimentally measured. If measured at all, the value of the rate coefficient has often only been obtained at room temperature, with extrapolation to lower and higher temperatures using the Arrhenius equation. However, non-Arrhenius behavior has been observed often in the few measured rate coefficients at low temperatures. In previous reactions studied, theoretical simulations of the formation of long-lived pre-reaction complexes and quantum mechanical tunneling through the barrier to reaction have been utilized to fit these non-Arrhenius behaviours of rate coefficients.Reaction rate coefficients that were predicted to produce the largest change in the production/loss of Complex Organic Molecules (COMs) in stellar winds at low temperatures were selected from a sensitivity analysis. Here we present measurements of rate coefficients using a pulsed Laval nozzle apparatus with the Pump Laser Photolysis - Laser Induced Fluorescence (PLP-LIF) technique. Gas flow temperatures between 30 – 134 K have been produced by the University of Leeds apparatus through the controlled expansion of N2 or Ar gas through Laval nozzles of a range of Mach numbers between 2.49 and 4.25.Reactions of interest include those of OH, CN, and CH with volatile organic species, in particular formaldehyde, a molecule which has been detected in the ISM. Kinetics measurements of these reactions at low temperatures will be presented using the decay of the radical reagent. Since formaldehyde and the formal radical (HCO) are potential building blocks of COMs in the interstellar medium, low temperature reaction rate coefficients for their production and loss can help to predict the formation pathways of COMs observed in the interstellar medium.

scholarly journals Gas phase kinetics of the OH + CH3CH2OH reaction at temperatures of the interstellar medium (T = 21–107 K)

2018 ◽  
Vol 20 (8) ◽  
pp. 5865-5873 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. J. Ocaña ◽  
S. Blázquez ◽  
B. Ballesteros ◽  
A. Canosa ◽  
M. Antiñolo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Interstellar Medium ◽  
Gas Phase ◽  
Rate Coefficients ◽  
Cold Temperatures ◽  
Gas Phase Kinetics ◽  
P Rate ◽  
Kinetics Of

Rate coefficients for the OH-reaction with ethanol, ubiquitous in the interstellar medium, has been determined at ultra-cold temperatures by using the pulsed and continuous CRESU technique.

scholarly journals The formation of urea in space

2018 ◽  
Vol 610 ◽  
pp. A26 ◽  
Author(s):  
Flavio Siro Brigiano ◽  
Yannick Jeanvoine ◽  
Antonio Largo ◽  
Riccardo Spezia
Keyword(s):  
Activation Energy ◽  
Interstellar Medium ◽  
Gas Phase ◽  
Organic Molecules ◽  
Peptide Bond ◽  
Biological Molecules ◽  
Gas Phase Reactions ◽  
Molecule Reaction ◽  
Quantum Chemistry Calculations ◽  
Highly Correlated

Context. Many organic molecules have been observed in the interstellar medium thanks to advances in radioastronomy, and very recently the presence of urea was also suggested. While those molecules were observed, it is not clear what the mechanisms responsible to their formation are. In fact, if gas-phase reactions are responsible, they should occur through barrierless mechanisms (or with very low barriers). In the past, mechanisms for the formation of different organic molecules were studied, providing only in a few cases energetic conditions favorable to a synthesis at very low temperature. A particularly intriguing class of such molecules are those containing one N–C–O peptide bond, which could be a building block for the formation of biological molecules. Urea is a particular case because two nitrogen atoms are linked to the C–O moiety. Thus, motivated also by the recent tentative observation of urea, we have considered the synthetic pathways responsible to its formation. Aims. We have studied the possibility of forming urea in the gas phase via different kinds of bi-molecular reactions: ion-molecule, neutral, and radical. In particular we have focused on the activation energy of these reactions in order to find possible reactants that could be responsible for to barrierless (or very low energy) pathways. Methods. We have used very accurate, highly correlated quantum chemistry calculations to locate and characterize the reaction pathways in terms of minima and transition states connecting reactants to products. Results. Most of the reactions considered have an activation energy that is too high; but the ion-molecule reaction between NH2OHNH2OH2+ and formamide is not too high. These reactants could be responsible not only for the formation of urea but also of isocyanic acid, which is an organic molecule also observed in the interstellar medium.

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