scholarly journals A previously unexplored encounter: the English judiciary, carte de visite and photography as a form of mass media

2018 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 539-558
Author(s):  
Leslie J. Moran
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Mass Media ◽  
Photographic Image ◽  
The Press ◽  
Technological Developments ◽  
New Form ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Personal Collection ◽  
Rare Opportunity ◽  
The Way

AbstractStudies exploring the link between the representation of judges, photography and mass media tend to focus on the appearance of cameras in courtrooms and the reproduction of the resulting photographs in the press at the beginning of the twentieth century. But more than fifty years separate these developments from the birth of photography in the late 1830s. This study examines a previously unexplored encounter between the English judiciary and photography that began in the 1860s. The pictures where known as ‘carte de visite’. They were the first type of photographic image capable of being mass produced. It is a form of photography that, for a period of almost twenty years, attracted a frenzy of interest. Drawing upon a number of archives, including the library of Lincoln's Inn, London's National Portrait Gallery and my own personal collection this paper has two objectives. The first is to examine the carte portraits of senior members of the judiciary that were produced during that time. What appears within the frame of this new form of judicial portraiture? Of particular interest is the impact the chemical and technological developments that come together in carte photographs had on what appears within the frame of portraits. The second objective is to examine the manner in which they were displayed. This engages a commonplace of scholarship on portraiture; the location and mode of display shape the meaning of what lies within the frame of the picture. Carte portraits were produced with a particular display in mind: the album. They were to be viewed not in isolation, but as part of an assemblage of portraits. Few albums survive. Those that do offer a rare opportunity to examine the way carte portraits of judges were used and the meanings they generated through their display. Three albums containing carte portraits of judges will be considered.

scholarly journals Complexity of Fundamental Problems in Probabilistic Abstract Argumentation: Beyond Independence (Extended Abstract)

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bettina Fazzinga ◽  
Sergio Flesca ◽  
Filippo Furfaro
Keyword(s):  
Abstract Argumentation ◽  
New Form ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Way

The complexity of the probabilistic counterparts of the verification and acceptance problems is investigated over probabilistic Abstract Argumentation Frameworks (prAAFs), in a setting more general than the literature, where the complexity has been characterized only under independence between arguments/defeats. The complexity of these problems is shown to depend on the semantics of the extensions, the way of encoding the prAAF, and the correlations between arguments/defeats. In this regard, in order to study the impact of different correlations between arguments/defeats on the complexity, a new form of prAAF is introduced, called gen. It is based on the well-known paradigm of world-set sets, and it allows the correlations to be easily distinguishable.

The Impact of Media on Children in Australia Today

1979 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 28-30
Author(s):  
Kelvin B. Canavan
Keyword(s):  
Mass Media ◽  
Considerable Influence ◽  
Standing Committee ◽  
Australian Child ◽  
Average Child ◽  
The Arts ◽  
The Press ◽  
Summary Statement ◽  
The Mass Media ◽  
The Impact

Children in Australia are spending more time with the mass media than with any other single activity, sleeping excepted. The average child spends three hours a day sitting in front of television and another couple of hours with films, radio and the press.The considerable influence of television has been well documented. A summary statement in Children and Television, Senate Standing Committee on Education and the Arts, 1978, says:“Clearly television has emerged as the dominant experience in the life of the average Australian child …”(4.33)

scholarly journals سيكولوجية الدعاية و الحرب النفسية : دراسة تحليلية تأصيلية

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
نور وداد محيي الدين محمد
Keyword(s):  
Mass Media ◽  
International Relations ◽  
Qualitative Analysis ◽  
The Press ◽  
Social Theories ◽  
Technological Developments ◽  
Military Theory

سيكولوجية الدعاية و الحرب النفسية : دراسة تحليلية تأصيلية This study has aimed at introducing the psychology of propaganda and its means including the conflict administration and its impact on the international and local opinion in addition to the identification of the means of the psychological war practiced against Islam so as to consolidate through analyzing some Islamic battles and invasions which manifested in practicing and applying those reliable means, values and strategies in the analysis by accompanying the technical and technological developments in supporting its usage. Also this study aims at revealing the aspects of magnitude in the prophets personality with respect to the preparation of the forces and defending the Islam. The writer has used the approach of the qualitative analysis of some Islamic battles mentioned in the prophets course which denote that the victories achieved were due to the prophet's greatness, bravery, his control over his nerves and the application of all the scientifically known war principles. The writer has reached several significant results as follows: The study has confirmed the pioneer role played by Islam in determining the international relations and administering the religions and ideological disputes among the civilizations. The study has shown the extent of the western and Zionist mass media aggression against the Islam through planning to struck the Islam, causes its spread and remove the Islamic consciousness . The study has revealed that there is an attempt to distort the image of Islam by accusing it of extremism and terrorism alongside with an attempt to weaken the Muslims' confidence in their religion and heritage. The study has assured the Prophet's application or the means and arts of the psychological war in the Islamic battles and the preparation of the soldiers and fighters. In that, the study has focused on the Islamic military theory and other social theories to build the Muslim’s character which helps him/her in overcoming the press and ideological campaigns directed against the Islam With regard to the scope of contents review in this paper, it comprised both the concept and means of propaganda and psychological war by handling its objectives and images. At this point the so- called "Political poisoning" process has been displayed as one of the bases of psychological war. Similarly, the study reviewed the psychological war and its methods in Islam in the Prophet's regime and the modern regime. The study has outcome with a number of recommendations which call for confronting the tri-targeting aggression against the Islam by preparing the studied press plans which encounter those challenges and boost the Muslim's self fortification in his / her education according to the religions guides. So, the study has recommended for the confrontation of secularism by revealing its misleading and overcoming the Christianized movement and neutralizing its methods as well as hindering the achievement of its motives

Regional printing of the second half of the 1940s as a mean of ideological bombardment of Soviet citizens (based on the materials of “Tambovskaya Pravda”)

2020 ◽  
pp. 233-238
Author(s):  
Violetta V. Nazarova
Keyword(s):  
Cold War ◽  
Mass Media ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Correct Interpretation ◽  
The Press ◽  
The Mass Media ◽  
Post War ◽  
The Cold War ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Regional Newspaper

We analyze the influence of the official ideology on the content of the local press. We show exactly how the influence of propaganda was reflected. Actually, it could not be otherwise, as the mass media were financed by the state. We provide examples of how the newspaper agitated, encouraged to act and dictated the only correct interpretation of certain events. At the same time, it is reflected how “Tambovskaya Pravda” became the last instance for ordinary Soviet citizens. In addition to the issues of the main regional newspaper of the 20th century, we use publications devoted to such topics as official propaganda. We note what significance the press had in the first post-war five-year plan. In addition, the impact of the Cold War on the articles content in the newspaper “Tambovskaya Pravda” was analyzed. It is noted that the mass media had influence on the formation of the enemy image in the Soviet citizens minds. Characteristic words, formulaic slogans speak about the similarity of publications. It is worth noting how the newspaper pages note labor feats and vice versa, berated for the failure of the plan and laziness. On the basis of all this, we come to the conclusion that the print media contributed to the mythologization of authorities and the growth of faith in its infallibility.

Components of Electoral Decision

1958 ◽  
Vol 52 (2) ◽  
pp. 367-387 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donald E. Stokes ◽  
Angus Campbell ◽  
Warren E. Miller
Keyword(s):  
Mass Media ◽  
The Other ◽  
National Elections ◽  
Electoral Cycle ◽  
The Press ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Racial Ethnic

What combination of forces elects a President? Each electoral decision releases a flood of interpretive comment about the conditions, circumstances, and causes which have influenced the result. A very great assortment of factors is examined and varying estimates are made of the responsibility of each for the outcome. Certainly, interpretations of the most recent presidential contest have shown the variety of ideas Americans bring to the analysis of their national elections. Mr. Eisenhower's victory has been attributed to the satisfactions engendered by national prosperity; to the anxieties raised by the threat of war; to the moods of racial, ethnic, or other groupings in the population; to the personal attractiveness of the winning candidate; to the conservative temper of the electorate; to the impact of various issues; to changing party loyalties; to the growth of suburbia; to the progress of an electoral cycle; to events and strategems of the nominating conventions and the campaign; to the influence of the press and of the other mass media. The list could be revised or lengthened in many ways.

Botched Executions and the Struggle to End Capital Punishment: A Twentieth-Century Story

2013 ◽  
Vol 38 (03) ◽  
pp. 694-720 ◽  
Author(s):  
Austin Sarat ◽  
Katherine Blumstein ◽  
Aubrey Jones ◽  
Heather Richard ◽  
Madeline Sprung-Keyser ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Capital Punishment ◽  
The United States ◽  
Early Years ◽  
Newspaper Coverage ◽  
The Public ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Way

Why have accounts of botched executions not played a larger role in the struggle to end capital punishment in the United States? In the twentieth century, when methods of execution became increasingly controlled and sterilized, botched executions would seem to have had real abolitionist potential. This article examines newspaper coverage of botched executions to determine and describe the way they were presented to the public and why they have contributed little to the abolitionist cause. Although botched executions reveal pain, violence, and inhumanity associated with state killing, newspaper coverage of these events neutralizes the impact of that revelation. Throughout the last century, newspapers presented botched executions as misfortunes rather than injustices. We identify three distinct modes by which newspaper coverage neutralized the impact of botched executions and presented them as misfortunes rather than as systemic injustices: (1) the dual narratives of sensationalism and recuperation in the early years of the twentieth century, (2) the decline of sensationalism and the rise of “professionalism” in the middle of the century, and (3) the emphasis on “balanced” reporting toward the end of the century.

Biblical Shakespeare: King Lear as Job on the Hebrew Stage

2015 ◽  
Vol 31 (4) ◽  
pp. 359-371 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yair Lipshitz
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
King Lear ◽  
Senior Lecturer ◽  
Book Of Job ◽  
Theatre Arts ◽  
Religious Traditions ◽  
Tel Aviv ◽  
The Press ◽  
Theatrical Performances ◽  
The Impact

Comparisons between King Lear and the biblical Book of Job have become commonplace in scholarship. This paper traces the impact of the Lear–Job connection on the staging and reception of Shakespeare’s play in Hebrew theatre. Due to this connection, King Lear was put within the orbit of a central cultural endeavour for Zionism: the re-appropriation of the Hebrew Bible for the formation of a new national identity. In the mid-twentieth century, the play appealed to directors who searched for Hebrew ‘biblical’ theatre, and a web of intertextual allusions in the press tied Shakespeare’s tragedy to the Book of Job and to rabbinic interpretations of it. However, the equivocal position held by Job within the Zionist imagination undermined the place of King Lear as well. Ultimately, the two were intertwined in the politics of their reception in Hebrew theatre. Yair Lipshitz is a Senior Lecturer at the Department of Theatre Arts in Tel Aviv University. In his research, he explores the various intersections between theatre, performance, and Jewish religious traditions. He is the author of two books in Hebrew: The Holy Tongue, Comedy’s Version (Bar Ilan University Press, 2010) and Embodied Tradition: Theatrical Performances of Jewish Texts (forthcoming).

scholarly journals Meredupnya Media Cetak, Dampak Kemajuan Teknologi Informasi

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Budi Arista Romadhoni
Keyword(s):  
Information Technology ◽  
Mass Media ◽  
Print Media ◽  
Technological Development ◽  
Online Media ◽  
The Press ◽  
The Media ◽  
Cost Of Production ◽  
Technology And Communication ◽  
The Impact

The closing of national and international print media is the impact of technological development today. Print media is faced with the high cost of production and the change of society using mass media to seek information. Invention Information technology and communication that allows all forms of information to digital create a major impact on the media, especially print media. Online media provides a new color for the press and news readers, the news is fast, easy to access, and cheap. Media that can not keep up with technology will be closed.

scholarly journals The Influence of Mass Media on Italian Web Users during COVID-19: an Infodemiological Analysis.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alessandro Rovetta ◽  
Lucia Castaldo
Keyword(s):  
Mass Media ◽  
Google Trends ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Average Correlation ◽  
Web Searches ◽  
Information Giving ◽  
The Press ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Web

Background: Alongside the COVID-19 pandemic, the world has had to face a growing infodemic, which has caused severe damage to economic and health systems and has often compromised the effectiveness of infection containment regulations. Although this has spread mainly through social media, there are numerous occasions in which the mass media have shared dangerous information, giving resonance to statements without a scientific basis. For these reasons, infoveillance and infodemiology methods are increasingly exploited to monitor online information traffic. The same tools have also been used to make epidemiological predictions. Among these, Google Trends - a service by GoogleTM that quantifies the web interest of users in the form of relative search volume - has often been adopted by the scientific community. Objective: The purpose of this paper is to use Google Trends to estimate the impact of Italian mass media on users' web searches in order to understand the role of press and television channels in both the infodemic and the interest of Italian netizens on COVID-19.Methods: First, from January 2020 to March 2021, we collected the headlines containing specific COVID-19-related keywords published on PubMed, Google, the Ministry of Health, and the most read newspapers in Italy. These keywords were selected based on previous literature and the related queries of Google Trends. Second, we evaluated the percentage of infodemic terms on these platforms. Third, through Google Trends, we looked for correlations between newspaper headlines and Google searches related to COVID-19. We assessed the significance and intensity of changes in user web searches through Welch's t-test and percentage differences or increases. We also highlighted the presence of trends via the Mann-Kendall test. Finally, we analyzed the web interest in infodemic content posted on YouTube. In particular, we counted the number of views of videos containing disinformation for each channel considered.Results: During the first COVID-19 wave, the Italian press preferred to draw on infodemic terms (from 1.6% to 6.3%) and moderately infodemic terms (from 88% to 94%), while scientific sources favored the correct names (from 65% to 88%). The correlational analysis showed that the press heavily influenced users in adopting the terms to identify the novel coronavirus (best average correlation = 0.91, P-value <.001). The use of scientific denominations by the press reached acceptable values only during the third wave (about 80% except for Rai and Mediaset). Web queries about COVID-19 symptoms also appeared to be influenced by the press (best average correlation = .92, P<.007). Furthermore, users have shown a pronounced web interest in YouTube videos of an infodemic nature. Finally, the press gave resonance to serious fake news on COVID-19 that caused pronounced spikes of interest from web users.Conclusions: Our results suggest that the Italian mass media have played a decisive role both in the spread of the infodemic and in addressing netizens' web interest, thus favoring the adoption of terms unsuitable for identifying the novel coronavirus (COVID- 19 disease). Therefore, it is highly advisable that the directors of news channels and newspapers be more cautious and government dissemination agencies exert more control over such news.

scholarly journals Arts & Literature: A Review of the Poetry Book unBuried-unMarked—The unTold Namibian Story of the Genocide of 1904–1908: Pieces and Pains of the Struggle for Justice

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 13-17
Author(s):  
Elise Pape
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
The United States ◽  
Colonial Rule ◽  
German Government ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Way

Between 1904 and 1908, about eighty per cent of the Herero and fifty per cent of the Nama perished in what is today known as the first genocide of the twentieth century that took place in today’s Namibia under German colonial rule. Over decades, the German government has not officially recognized the genocide as such. Jephta U. Nguherimo is one of the descendants of survivors of this genocide and today lives in the United States. In his poetry book unBuried-unMarked–The unTold Namibian story of the Genocide of 1904-1908: Pieces and Pains of the Struggle for Justice that he has self-published in 2019, J. Nguherimo gives insights into long-lasting impacts of the Herero and Nama genocide, into ways of dealing with painful memories, and into processes of healing in post-genocidal contexts. This art review gives an overview of the book and discusses main features of this artistic piece: the way the poems are linked to pictures, the use of different languages, the presence of nature or the importance of intergenerational bonds. It reflects on the author’s leitmotiv: dialogue, empathy and compassion, and on the impact these could have had or could have on negotiations between Germany and Namibia on the recognition and reparation of the genocide.

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