سيكولوجية الدعاية و الحرب النفسية : دراسة تحليلية تأصيلية

سيكولوجية الدعاية و الحرب النفسية : دراسة تحليلية تأصيلية This study has aimed at introducing the psychology of propaganda and its means including the conflict administration and its impact on the international and local opinion in addition to the identification of the means of the psychological war practiced against Islam so as to consolidate through analyzing some Islamic battles and invasions which manifested in practicing and applying those reliable means, values and strategies in the analysis by accompanying the technical and technological developments in supporting its usage. Also this study aims at revealing the aspects of magnitude in the prophets personality with respect to the preparation of the forces and defending the Islam. The writer has used the approach of the qualitative analysis of some Islamic battles mentioned in the prophets course which denote that the victories achieved were due to the prophet's greatness, bravery, his control over his nerves and the application of all the scientifically known war principles. The writer has reached several significant results as follows: The study has confirmed the pioneer role played by Islam in determining the international relations and administering the religions and ideological disputes among the civilizations. The study has shown the extent of the western and Zionist mass media aggression against the Islam through planning to struck the Islam, causes its spread and remove the Islamic consciousness . The study has revealed that there is an attempt to distort the image of Islam by accusing it of extremism and terrorism alongside with an attempt to weaken the Muslims' confidence in their religion and heritage. The study has assured the Prophet's application or the means and arts of the psychological war in the Islamic battles and the preparation of the soldiers and fighters. In that, the study has focused on the Islamic military theory and other social theories to build the Muslim’s character which helps him/her in overcoming the press and ideological campaigns directed against the Islam With regard to the scope of contents review in this paper, it comprised both the concept and means of propaganda and psychological war by handling its objectives and images. At this point the so- called "Political poisoning" process has been displayed as one of the bases of psychological war. Similarly, the study reviewed the psychological war and its methods in Islam in the Prophet's regime and the modern regime. The study has outcome with a number of recommendations which call for confronting the tri-targeting aggression against the Islam by preparing the studied press plans which encounter those challenges and boost the Muslim's self fortification in his / her education according to the religions guides. So, the study has recommended for the confrontation of secularism by revealing its misleading and overcoming the Christianized movement and neutralizing its methods as well as hindering the achievement of its motives

The Fight for Nordalbingia: Reconstruction and Simulation of the Danish-Obodrite Attack on the Frankish Fortress of Esesfelth in AD 817

It is possible to gain insight into Frankish-Danish relations in Nordalbingia during the early 9th century based on archaeological excavation results and written sources. Such relations were characterised by armed conflicts, political intrigue and shifting alliances. The Frankish fortress of Esesfelth had a key function during this time of unrest. Emperor Charlemagne built it in AD 810, partly to prevent Danish supremacy over the Nordalbingian Saxon territory north of the River Elbe, and partly as a starting point for incorporating it into the Frankish realm. The fortress was an exceptional defensive structure without any known contemporary parallels. As the centre of Frankish administration in Nordalbingia Esesfelth became the target of an attack by combined Danish and Slavic (Obodrite) forces in AD 817. To some extent, the attack can be reconstructed by interpreting excavation results, and simulated with the aid of military theory. The results also present an excellent opportunity to explore various fortification components in detail.

On the Educational Function of Ideological and Political Education and Its Realization Research for Military Theory Course in Local Colleges and Universities

The ideological and political education course in local colleges and universities is the key course to implement the fundamental task of moral education. Setting up ideological and political education course in university stage is a core period for college students to cultivate qualified successors with historical responsibility, patriotism, national belief and socialist construction ability for socialist countries. "Military Theory Course" firmly grasps the educational function of Ideological and political education, always takes patriotism as the main line and enhances students' national defense concept as well as strengthens their awareness of danger in times of peace. This paper analyzes and explores the function of Ideological and political education of military theory course in local colleges and universities, as well as the status quo.

Discussion on the Current Situation and Problems of Military Theory Education in Colleges and Universities

With unclear current international situation, as successors of national construction, young college students shoulder the responsibility of protecting the country. Therefore, it is necessary to carry out military theory education in colleges and universities, which are also an effective way to cultivate college students' patriotism, enhance national defense awareness and improve military comprehensive quality. Starting from the practical significance of military theory education in colleges and universities, this paper analyzes the problems existing in the current situation of military theory education in colleges and universities, such as inaccurate course positioning, low learning enthusiasm of students, weak teaching staff, single teaching method, unscientific assessment system, and puts forward some improvement strategies for these practical problems, hoping to promote in the development of military theory education in colleges universities.

Subjective practices of war: The Prussian army and the Zorndorf campaign, 1758

This article integrates the history of military theory – and the practical history of military campaigns and battles – within the broader history of knowledge. Challenging ideas that the new natural philosophy of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries (the so-called Scientific Revolution) fostered attempts to make warfare mathematically calculated, it builds on work showing that seventeenth- and eighteenth-century natural philosophy was itself much more subjective than previously thought. It uses the figure of King Frederick II of Prussia (reigned 1740–1786) to link theoretical with practical military knowledge, placing the military treatises read and written by the king alongside the practical example of the Prussian army’s campaign against the Russians in summer 1758 at the height of the Seven Years War (1756–1763), which culminated in the battle of Zorndorf. This article shows that both the theory and practice of war – like other branches of knowledge in the long eighteenth century – were fundamentally shaped by the contemporary search for intellectual order. The inability to achieve this in practice led to a reliance on subjective judgment and individual, local knowledge. Whereas historians have noted attempts in the eighteenth century to calculate probabilities mathematically, this article shows that war continued to be conceived as the domain of fortune, subject to incalculable chance. Answering Steven Shapin’s call to define concretely “the subjective element in knowledge-making,” the examples of Frederick and his subordinate, Lieutenant General Count Christoph zu Dohna, reveal sharply different contemporary ideas about how to respond to uncertainty in war. Whereas Dohna sought to be ready for chance events and react to them, Frederick actively embraced uncertainty and risk-taking, making chance both a rhetorical argument and a positive choice guiding strategy and tactics.