The degradation of organic matter and crude protein of four botanically diverse feedstuffs in the foregut of ponies as measured by the mobile bag technique

1997 ◽  
Vol 1997 ◽  
pp. 120-120
Author(s):  
M Moore-Colyer ◽  
J Hyslop ◽  
A C Longland ◽  
D Cuddeford
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Small Intestine ◽  
Dietary Protein ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Proximal Small Intestine ◽  
Dietary Components ◽  
Hind Gut

There is a paucity of information on the digestion and utilisation of feeds by horses. Currently, most diets are formulated according to NRC (1989) recommendations which assume digestibility coefficients: for example, a digestibility coefficient for crude protein of 0.46 is used for animals at maintenance compared with 0.55 for lactating mares. However, if the digestibility of diets is uncertain, then use of such assumed values could result in either the under- or over-supply of nutrients. Furthermore, knowledge of the site of digestion is important. For example, only dietary protein digested and absorbed in the proximal small intestine can be efficiently utilised by the horse and the digestion of carbohydrate in the foregut (in terms of ATP yield) is more efficient than its fermentation in the hind gut. Therefore, in order to formulate diets more precisely, it is important to know a) the site at which dietary components are degraded and b) the extent of this degradation. In the present study mobile bags were used to determine the extent of organic matter disappearance (OMD) and crude protein disappearance (CPD) from four botanically diverse feedstuffs in the foregut of caecally - fistulated ponies.

The effect of midwinter shearing on rumen digesta kinetics in highly prolific crossbred ewes

2001 ◽  
Vol 2001 ◽  
pp. 53-53
Author(s):  
L.B.J. Šebek ◽  
H. Everts
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Small Intestine ◽  
Cold Exposure ◽  
Dietary Protein ◽  
Present Experiment ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Degradation Rate ◽  
Passage Rate ◽  
Rumen Degradation

The effective rumen degradability (ERD) of dietary protein is used to quantify the amount of dietary protein entering the small intestine of ruminants. Midwinter shearing of prolific ewes increases rumen degradation rate (Kd) of dietary protein (Šebek and Everts, 1999). However, these differences in Kd may be compensated by a different rumen passage rate (Kp), since cold exposure is often associated with increases in Kp. Kp can be estimated by use of an undegradable marker. This method, although reliable for fluids seems less reliable for solids. The objective of the present experiment was to quantify the effect of midwinter shearing on ERD in highly prolific ewes. As an alternative to the use of Kp, ERD of crude protein (CP) and of protein-free-organic-matter (OM_CP) were estimated from periodical changes in rumen volume partitioned as rumen degradable (Xd) and rumen undegradable (Xu) components.

Influence of method of forage preservation on fibre and protein digestion in cattle given lucerne, birdsfoot trefoil and sainfoin

1990 ◽  
Vol 50 (2) ◽  
pp. 221-230 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Kraiem ◽  
J. E. Garrett ◽  
J. C. Meiske ◽  
R. D. Goodrich ◽  
G. C. Marten
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Small Intestine ◽  
Protein Degradation ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Ethylene Diamine ◽  
Birdsfoot Trefoil ◽  
Protein Digestion ◽  
Low Protein

ABSTRACTSix steers, each fitted with a ruminal cannula and T-type duodenal and ileal cannulae, were used to investigate protein and fibre utilization from lucerne, birdsfoot trefoil and sainfoin preserved both as hay and silage. Steers were fed at 2-h intervals during six 12-day periods in an experiment with a 6 × 6 Latin-square design. Animals were fed all-forage diets of six treatments (lucerne hay and silage, birdsfoot trefoil hay and silage, sainfoin hay and silage). Samples were collected from all alimentary sites twice daily during the last 3 days of each period. Acid insoluble ash was used as a solid marker and Cr-ethylene diamine tetra-acetic acid as a liquid marker. Organic matter (OM), hemicellulose (HC) and cellulose (CL) total tract digestibilities of lucerne, birdsfoot trefoil and sainfoin were similar (OM: 599, 608, 580 g/kg; HC: 499, 497, 480 g/kg; CL: 590, 618, 608 g/kg). However, crude protein (CP) digestibilities were lower (P < 0·001) for sainfoin (582 g/kg) than for lucerne (732 g/kg) or birdsfoot trefoil (693 g/kg). Nitrogen (N) flows at the duodenum or ileum were similar among forages despite lower N intake for sainfoin. Presence of tannins in sainfoin may have been responsible for low protein degradation in the rumen, and reduced N digestion in the small intestine. Forage preserved as hay or silage had similar CL, HC and OM digestibilities, while CP digestibility was higher (P < 0·05) for silages.

scholarly journals In vitro selenium accessibility in pet foods is affected by diet composition and type

2015 ◽  
Vol 113 (12) ◽  
pp. 1888-1894 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mariëlle van Zelst ◽  
Myriam Hesta ◽  
Lucille G. Alexander ◽  
Kerry Gray ◽  
Guido Bosch ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Dietary Protein ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Diet Composition ◽  
Dietary Factors ◽  
Raw Meat ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Diet Type

Se bioavailability in commercial pet foods has been shown to be highly variable. The aim of the present study was to identify dietary factors associated with in vitro accessibility of Se (Se Aiv) in pet foods. Se Aiv is defined as the percentage of Se from the diet that is potentially available for absorption after in vitro digestion. Sixty-two diets (dog, n 52; cat, n 10) were in vitro enzymatically digested: fifty-four of them were commercially available (kibble, n 20; pellet, n 8; canned, n 17; raw meat, n 6; steamed meat, n 3) and eight were unprocessed (kibble, n 4; canned, n 4) from the same batch as the corresponding processed diets. The present investigation examined if Se Aiv was affected by diet type, dietary protein, methionine, cysteine, lysine and Se content, DM, organic matter and crude protein (CP) digestibility. Se Aiv differed significantly among diet types (P< 0·001). Canned and steamed meat diets had a lower Se Aiv than pelleted and raw meat diets. Se Aiv correlated positively with CP digestibility in extruded diets (kibbles, n 19; r 0·540, P =0·017) and negatively in canned diets (n 16; r − 0·611, P =0·012). Moreover, the canning process (n 4) decreased Se Aiv (P =0·001), whereas extrusion (n 4) revealed no effect on Se Aiv (P =0·297). These differences in Se Aiv between diet types warrant quantification of diet type effects on in vivo Se bioavailability.

EFFECT OF COLLECTION INTERVAL ON NUTRIENT DIGESTION DETERMINED WITHIN THE GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT OF BEEF CATTLE

1987 ◽  
Vol 67 (4) ◽  
pp. 1149-1153 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. B. MANDELL ◽  
G. I. CHRISTISON ◽  
H. H. NICHOLSON
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Small Intestine ◽  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Beef Cattle ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Barley Grain ◽  
Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽  
Acid Detergent Lignin ◽  
Nutrient Digestion

Duodenal digesta, ileal digesta, and feces were collected from steers fed diets containing 50% barley grain, 50% brome-alfalfa hay. These were composited over days 1–3, 4–6 and 1–6 of each experimental period. Acid detergent lignin and chromic oxide were used as digestibility markers. Three- or six-day collection intervals did not affect the estimate of organic matter digestion in the forestomach, small or large intestine, and total tract. Differences (P < 0.05) in estimates of nutrient digestion between 3-d collection periods occurred for neutral detergent fiber in the forestomach and crude protein in the small intestine. Key words: Collection interval, partitioning of digestibility, markers, cattle, gastrointestinal tract

DIGESTION OF CORN AND ALFALFA SILAGES IN THE STOMACH AND SMALL INTESTINE OF SHEEP PREPARED WITH TWO RE-ENTRANT CANNULAS

1981 ◽  
Vol 61 (1) ◽  
pp. 113-119 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. M. VEIRA ◽  
M. IVAN
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Small Intestine ◽  
Formic Acid ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Ammonia Nitrogen ◽  
Weight Basis ◽  
Corn Silage ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Fresh Weight Basis ◽  
Alfalfa Silage

Four wethers, each fitted with a re-entrant cannula in the proximal duodenum and terminal ileum, were used to study digestion of corn and alfalfa silages. The four silages fed were (1) corn silage (2) corn silage with 0.6% urea (fresh weight basis) added at the time of ensiling (3) direct-cut alfalfa silage treated with formic acid (5 g/kg fresh alfalfa) and (4) wilted alfalfa silage. Urea additions to corn silage increased crude protein from 8.1 to 13.2% which resulted in an increase (P < 0.05) in microbial yield from 1.99 to 3.23 g N/100 g organic matter (OM) apparently digested in the stomach. The apparent digestion of OM in the stomach was lower (P < 0.05) with formic-acid-treated alfalfa silage (48.6%) compared to the wilted alfalfa silage (56.1%), but this difference had disappeared at the ileum. The preservation of alfalfa silage with formic acid compared to wilting resulted in a greater (P < 0.05) flow from the stomach and digestion within the small intestine of non-ammonia nitrogen. This effect of formic acid on non-ammonia dynamics was unrelated to microbial yield.

Quantitative digestion of fresh herbage by sheep:V. The digestion of four herbages and prediction of sites of digestion

1979 ◽  
Vol 92 (3) ◽  
pp. 605-616 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. J. Ulyatt ◽  
A. R. Egan
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Small Intestine ◽  
Organic Acids ◽  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
White Clover ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrate ◽  
Water Soluble Carbohydrate ◽  
Dietary Origin

SUMMARYThe extents and sites of digestion of organic matter (OM), and its constituent watersoluble carbohydrates, organic acids, pectin, cellulose, hemicellulose and crude protein have been studied in sheep prepared with re-entrant duodenal cannulas and fed four fresh herbage diets, Ruanui perennial ryegrass, Tama Westerwolds ryegrass, Pitau white clover and Fakir sainfoin, at each of two levels of intake.The water-soluble carbohydrate, organic acids and pectin of all diets were almost completely digested within the rumen. Some 10% of water soluble carbohydrate reached the duodenum on each diet, though this may not have been of dietary origin. Only on legume diets, where pectin concentration was higher, did measurable amounts of pectin reach the intestine, accounting for some 5% of the pectin.Hemicellulose and cellulose digestibilities differed between diets, being lowest for sainfoin, and next lowest for clover. Between 79 and 94% of digestible hemicellulose was digested in the stomach, but diet and intake had no significant effect on this partition. Of the digestible cellulose, 87–97% was digested in the stomach.Digestibility of N was lowest for sainfoin and highest for Tama ryegrass. There were no significant differences between herbage species or intake in the percentage of digested N digested in the stomach or intestines. The tannin contained in sainfoin had no effect on nitrogen digestion.Data from this and other studies reported in the literature were examined as a basis for establishing prediction equations whereby the partition of digestion of the major carbohydrate and nitrogenous constituents in stomach and intestines might be estimated from data obtainable from standard digestibility trials. Regressions were developed for predicting the amounts of OM, cellulose, and hemicellulose digested in the stomach. There are not yet enough suitable data available to predict the amount of nitrogen entering the small intestine.

scholarly journals Dietary protein and energy supplies differentially affect resistance to parasites in lactating mammals

2011 ◽  
Vol 106 (8) ◽  
pp. 1207-1215 ◽  
Author(s):  
Panagiotis Sakkas ◽  
Jos G. M. Houdijk ◽  
Leigh A. Jones ◽  
Dave P. Knox ◽  
Ilias Kyriazakis
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Litter Size ◽  
Dietary Protein ◽  
Worm Burden ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Nippostrongylus Brasiliensis ◽  
Lactational Performance ◽  
Metabolisable Energy

Periparturient relaxation of immunity (PPRI) to parasites in mammals results in higher worm burden and worm egg excretion and may have a nutritional basis.Nippostrongylus brasiliensisre-infected lactating rats fed low-crude protein (CP) diets show an augmented degree of PPRI compared with their high CP-fed counterparts. However, such effects of CP scarcity have been confounded by metabolisable energy (ME) scarcity due to increased intake of the high-CP foods. Here, we independently assessed the effects of dietary CP and ME scarcity on the degree of PPRI. Second, parity rats were infected withN. brasiliensislarvae before mating. Upon parturition, dams were allocated to one of six feeding treatments (1–6), consisting of two levels of dietary ME supply, each with three levels of CP supply. On day 2 of lactation, dams were either re-infected with 1600N. brasiliensislarvae or sham-infected with PBS, while litter size was standardised at ten pups. Dams and litters were weighed daily until either day 8 or 11 of lactation, when worm burdens were assessed as a proxy for PPRI. Increased CP and ME supply independently improved lactational performance. While ME supply did not affect parasitism, increasing CP supply reduced worm burden and the percentage of female worms in the small intestine; the latter was especially pronounced at the lower level of ME supply. The present results support the view that PPRI to parasites may be sensitive to CP scarcity, but not to moderate ME scarcity.

The digestion of two diets of differing protein content but with similar capacities to sustain wool growth

1967 ◽  
Vol 18 (6) ◽  
pp. 973 ◽  
Author(s):  
JP Hogan ◽  
RH Weston
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Protein Content ◽  
Dietary Protein ◽  
Protein Intake ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Alimentary Tract ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrate ◽  
Cellulose Digestion ◽  
Low Protein ◽  
Wool Growth

Measurements were made of the digestion in sheep of two diets of differing protein content but known to support similar levels of wool growth. When offered to the sheep at 500 g/day, the high protein (HP) diet provided 13.8 g nitrogen (N), while the low protein (LP) diet provided 5.5 g. With the HP diet, approximately 8.8 g N in forms other than ammonia passed daily through the pylorus; 6.8 g of this N was apparently digested in the intestines. The corresponding values for the LP diet were 8.1 and 6.2. The similarity in wool growth recorded with these diets, despite large differences in dietary protein intake, is consistent with the hypothesis that wool growth is limited by the quantity of amino acid N absorbed from the alimentary tract. The stomach was the site of 72–73 % of the organic matter digestion and more than 90% of the cellulose digestion that occurred in the whole alimentary tract. In addition, approximately 90% of the dietary soluble carbohydrate was apparently digested in the stomach. It was calculated, by making several assumptions, that the quantity of microbial crude protein synthesized in the rumen did not exceed 44–49 g/day, equivalent to 15–16 g/100 g organic matter digested in the rumen. The implications of this calculation in the protein nutrition of ruminants are discussed. The retention time of a soluble marker in the rumen was 15–18 hr, and rates of flow of digesta from the rumen and abomasum were comparatively low.

scholarly journals The effect of grinding and pelleting on the digestion of Italian ryegrass and timothy by sheep

1981 ◽  
Vol 46 (2) ◽  
pp. 357-370 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. E. Beever ◽  
D. F. Osbourn ◽  
S. B. Cammell ◽  
R. A. Terry
Keyword(s):  
Protein Synthesis ◽  
Organic Matter ◽  
Dietary Protein ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Italian Ryegrass ◽  
Net Energy ◽  
Microbial Protein ◽  
Microbial Protein Synthesis ◽  
Hind Gut ◽  
Net Energy Value

1. Primary growths of Italian ryegrass and timothy were harvested in late May, high-temperature dried and either retained in the chopped form or ground through a 2 mm sieve and pelleted. All diets were fed to four sheep fitted with re-entrant cannulas into the proximal duodenum and measurements of the sites of energy and protein digestion and the synthesis of volatile fatty acids (VFA) and microbial protein were made.2. Grinding and pelleting significantly reduced rumen digestion of organic matter and structural carbohydrate(P < 0·05) and the synthesis of rumen VFA (P < 0·01), whilst significantly more digestion occurred in the hind gut, although this was not sufficient to prevent a decline in over-all digestibility on the pelleted diets (P < 0·05). The magnitude of all responses was much larger on the Italian ryegrass diet.3. Net microbial protein synthesis was 15% less on the pelleted diets but efficiency of microbial protein synthesis was unaffected (mean 188g/kg rumen digested organic matter). Pelleting reduced the degradation of dietary protein from 69% to 47%, and dietary protein represented significantly more of the total protein flowing to the duodenum on the pelleted diets (chopped 28%, pelleted 41%).4. Over-all, grinding and pelleting reduced total absorbed energy supply by 10% but increased absorbed protein supply by 1 5% which may contribute to some of the improvements seen, in the net energy value of pelleted dlets.

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