Establishing white clover (Trifolium repens) as a living mulch: weed control and herbicide tolerance

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-28
Author(s):  
Nicholas T. Basinger ◽  
Nicholas S. Hill
Keyword(s):  
Weed Control ◽  
White Clover ◽  
Cover Crops ◽  
Herbicide Tolerance ◽  
Single Application ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Living Mulch ◽  
Herbicide Resistant ◽  
Research And Education ◽  
Weed Emergence

Abstract With the increasing focus on herbicide-resistant weeds and the lack of introduction of new modes of action, many producers have turned to annual cover crops as a tool for reducing weed populations. Recent studies have suggested that perennial cover crops such as white clover could be used as living mulch. However, white clover is slow to establish and is susceptible to competition from winter weeds. Therefore, the objective of this study was to determine clover tolerance and weed control in established stands of white clover to several herbicides. Studies were conducted in the fall and winter of 2018 to 2019 and 2019 to 2020 at the J. Phil Campbell Research and Education Center in Watkinsville, GA, and the Southeast Georgia Research and Education Center in Midville, GA. POST applications of imazethapyr, bentazon, or flumetsulam at low and high rates, or in combination with 2,4-D and 2,4-DB, were applied when clover reached 2 to 3 trifoliate stage. Six weeks after the initial POST application, a sequential application of bentazon and flumetsulam individually, and combinations of 2,4-D, 2,4-DB, and flumetsulam were applied over designated plots. Clover biomass was similar across all treatments except where it was reduced by sequential applications of 2,4-D + 2,4-DB + flumetsulam in the 2019 to 2020 season indicating that most treatments were safe for use on establishing living mulch clover. A single application of flumetsulam at the low rate or a single application of 2,4-D + 2,4-DB provided the greatest control of all weed species while minimizing clover injury when compared to the non-treated check. These herbicide options allow for control of problematic winter weeds during clover establishment, maximizing clover biomass and limiting canopy gaps that would allow for summer weed emergence.

scholarly journals Weed Control for Pot-In-Pot Production using Preemergence Herbicides

2005 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 204-211
Author(s):  
Donna C. Fare ◽  
Patricia Knight ◽  
Charles H. Gilliam ◽  
James Altland
Keyword(s):  
Weed Control ◽  
Acer Rubrum ◽  
Herbicide Tolerance ◽  
Green Ash ◽  
Red Maple ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Magnolia Grandiflora ◽  
Pyrus Calleryana ◽  
Local Site ◽  
Preemergence Herbicides

Abstract Four experiments were conducted to investigate herbicides currently labeled for field and/or container production for use in pot-in-pot production. Southern magnolia (Magnolia grandiflora L.), red maple (Acer rubrum Spach. ‘Autumn Flame’ and ‘Franksred’), ornamental pear (Pyrus calleryana Decne. ‘Bradford’ and ‘Cleveland Select’), river birch (Betula nigra L.), green ash (Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marsh. and F. pennsylvanica Marsh.‘Marshall's Seedless’), and zelkova (Zelkova serrata Spach ‘Village Green’) were evaluated for herbicide tolerance. Barricade 65WG, Surflan 4AS, and Pendulum 60WDG, used alone or in combination with Princep and Gallery 75 DF, had no adverse effect on tree shoot growth or trunk caliper growth when applied as a directed band application. Weed control varied depending upon local site conditions, herbicide rate and weed species.

History of Identification of Herbicide-Resistant Weeds

1992 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 615-620 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jodie S. Holt
Keyword(s):  
Weed Control ◽  
Herbicide Resistance ◽  
Triazine Herbicides ◽  
Mechanisms Of Resistance ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Crop Species ◽  
Herbicide Resistant ◽  
History Of ◽  
Successful Transfer

At least 57 weed species, including both dicots and monocots, have been reported to have biotypes selected for resistance to the triazine herbicides. In addition, at least 47 species have been reported to have biotypes resistant to one or more of 14 other herbicides or herbicide families. These herbicides include the aryloxyphenoxypropionics, bipyridiliums, dinitroanilines, phenoxys, substituted areas, and sulfonylureas, with two or more resistant biotypes each, as well as several other herbicides in which resistance is less well documented. Although evolved resistance presents a serious problem for chemical weed control, it has also offered new potential for transferring herbicide resistance to crop species. Mechanisms of resistance that are due to single or a few genes have become the focus of biotechnology, as the probability of their successful transfer to crop species is high.

Environmental Impact of Glyphosate-Resistant Weeds in Canada

Weed Science ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 62 (2) ◽  
pp. 385-392 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hugh J. Beckie ◽  
Peter H. Sikkema ◽  
Nader Soltani ◽  
Robert E. Blackshaw ◽  
Eric N. Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Impact ◽  
Weed Control ◽  
Acetolactate Synthase ◽  
Application Rate ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Common Ragweed ◽  
Herbicide Resistant ◽  
Herbicide Treatments ◽  
Relative Potential ◽  
Synthase Inhibitor

Glyphosate-resistant (GR) giant ragweed, horseweed, and common ragweed were confirmed in southwestern Ontario, Canada in 2008, 2010, and 2011, respectively. In the western prairie provinces of Alberta and Saskatchewan, GR (plus acetolactate synthase inhibitor-resistant) kochia was discovered in 2011. This symposium paper estimates the environmental impact (EI) of the top herbicide treatments or programs used to manage these GR weed species in the major field crops grown in each region. For each herbicide treatment, EI (per ha basis) was calculated as the environmental impact quotient (EIQ), which quantifies the relative potential risk of pesticide active ingredients on human and ecological health based on risk components to farm workers, consumers, and the environment, multiplied by the application rate (kg ai ha−1). Total EI is defined as EI (per ha basis) multiplied by the application area (i.e., land area affected by a GR weed). It was assumed that all herbicide treatments would supplement the continued usage of glyphosate because of its broad spectrum weed control. For the control of these GR weeds, most treatments contain auxinic or protoporphyrinogen oxidase (PPO)-inhibiting herbicides. The majority of auxinic herbicide treatments result in low (EI ≤ 10) to moderate (11 to 20) EI, whereas all treatments of PPO inhibitors have low EI. Total EI of GR horseweed and kochia will generally be greater than that of giant or common ragweed because of rapid seed dispersal. For recommended herbicide treatments to control GR weeds (and herbicide-resistant weeds in general), EI data should be routinely included with cost and site of action in weed control extension publications and software, so that growers have the information needed to assess the EI of their actions.

scholarly journals The Influence of Nozzle Type on Peanut Weed Control Programs

2017 ◽  
Vol 44 (2) ◽  
pp. 93-99 ◽  
Author(s):  
O.W. Carter ◽  
E.P. Prostko ◽  
J.W. Davis
Keyword(s):  
Weed Control ◽  
Palmer Amaranth ◽  
Annual Grass ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Target Movement ◽  
Herbicide Resistant ◽  
Control Programs ◽  
The Past ◽  
Auxin Herbicides ◽  
Nozzle Type

ABSTRACT The increase in herbicide-resistant weeds over the past decade has led to the introduction of crops that are resistant to auxin herbicides. Strict application procedures are required for the use of auxin herbicides in auxin-resistant crops to minimize off-target movement. One requirement for application is the use of nozzles that will minimize drift by producing coarse droplets. Generally, an increase in droplet size can lead to a reduction in coverage and efficacy depending upon the herbicide and weed species. In studies conducted in 2015 and 2016, two of the potential required auxin nozzle types [(AIXR11002 (coarse) and TTI11002 (ultra-coarse)] were compared to a conventional flat-fan drift guard nozzles [DG11002 (medium)] for weed control in peanut herbicide systems. Nozzle type did not influence annual grass or Palmer amaranth control in non-crop tests. Results from in-crop tests indicated that annual grass control was 5% to 6% lower when herbicides were applied with the TTI nozzle when compared to the AIXR or DG nozzles. However, Palmer amaranth control and peanut yield was not influenced by coarse-droplet nozzles. Peanut growers using the coarse-droplet nozzles need to be aware of potential reduced grass control.

scholarly journals MANAGEMENT OF COVER CROPS FOR WEED CONTROL BETWEEN PLASTIC MULCH IN PEPPERS (CAPSICUM ANNUUM)

HortScience ◽  
1993 ◽  
Vol 28 (4) ◽  
pp. 257E-257
Author(s):  
Francis X. Mangan ◽  
Mary Jane Else ◽  
Stephen J. Herbert
Keyword(s):  
White Clover ◽  
Cover Crops ◽  
Cover Crop ◽  
Lolium Multiflorum ◽  
Field Research ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Winter Rye ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Plastic Mulch ◽  
Crop Species

Field research was conducted in Deerfield, Mass. to study the effects of different cover crop species seeded between plastic mulch on weed pressure and pepper yield. A complete fertilizer was applied before plastic was laid on Sept. 13, 1991. Two cover crop treatments were seeded Sept. 13, 1991: white clover (Trifolium repens) alone and hairy vetch (Vicia villosa) in combination with winter rye (Secale cereale). On May 27, 1992 the vetch and rye were mow-killed with the biomass left on the soil surface. Annual rye (Lolium multiflorum) was then seeded on the same day as the third cover crop treatment. The remaining two treatments were a weedy check and a hand-weeded check. Peppers were transplanted into the plastic on May 31. Both the annual rye and clover were mowed three times over the course of the experiment with the biomass left between the plastic mulch. The white clover and annual rye were much more competitive with weed species than the dead mulch of vetch and rye. The three cover crop treatments had pepper yields that were severely depressed compared to the hand-weeded treatment. Among the three cover crop treatments, only the annual rye yielded more peppers than the weedy check.

Weed Control and Selectivity of Pethoxamid Alone and in Mixture as a Delayed Preemergence Application to Rice

2018 ◽  
Vol 32 (5) ◽  
pp. 537-543
Author(s):  
John Godwin ◽  
Jason K. Norsworthy ◽  
Robert C. Scott
Keyword(s):  
Weed Control ◽  
Herbicide Resistance ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Shoot Density ◽  
Red Rice ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Viable Option ◽  
Long Chain Fatty Acid ◽  
Herbicide Resistant ◽  
Sites Of Action

AbstractThe evolution of herbicide resistance is making it extremely difficult for US rice producers to use chemical control on weed species such as barnyardgrass and red rice. To combat herbicide resistance, it is imperative that alternative herbicide sites of action (SOAs) be incorporated into rice whenever possible. There are currently no very-long-chain fatty acid–inhibiting herbicides (WSSA Group 15) labeled for use in US rice; however, pethoxamid is one such herbicide currently under development. If appropriate rice tolerance and weed control can be established, pethoxamid would represent a unique herbicide SOA for use in US rice. We conducted field trials near Stuttgart, AR, in 2015 and near Colt and Lonoke, AR, in 2016 to assess selectivity of pethoxamid and weed control alone and in combination with other herbicides as a delayed preemergence (DPRE) application in drill-seeded rice. Pethoxamid was applied at 0, 420, or 560 g ai ha–1 alone and in combination with clomazone, imazethapyr, pendimethalin, and quinclorac. Minimal rice injury occurred with any treatment assessed. A reduction in rice shoot density and plant height compared to the nontreated control followed the use of pethoxamid; however, no decrease in yield resulted. The highest levels of barnyardgrass control followed the use of imazethapyr at 91% and quinclorac at 89% regardless of the presence of pethoxamid near Lonoke; however, pethoxamid applied at both rates in combination with clomazone and quinclorac increased barnyardgrass control compared to clomazone and quinclorac applied alone. Near Colt, barnyardgrass control of 92% and 96% resulted from pethoxamid alone, averaged over the high and low rates. Based on these data, rice can tolerate pethoxamid when applied DPRE, and adequate levels of barnyardgrass control can be achieved at the rates evaluated within a program; hence, pethoxamid appears to be a viable option for use in rice to allow for increased rotation of herbicide SOAs to combat herbicide-resistant and difficult-to-control weeds.

Evaluation of Glufosinate-Resistant Corn (Zea mays) and Glufosinate: Efficacy on Annual Weeds

1999 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 691-696 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ronald F. Krausz ◽  
George Kapusta ◽  
Joseph L. Matthews ◽  
John L. Baldwin ◽  
Jason Maschoff
Keyword(s):  
Zea Mays ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Weed Control ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Single Application ◽  
Common Lambsquarters ◽  
Giant Foxtail ◽  
Annual Weeds ◽  
Weed Emergence

Field studies were conducted in 1996 and 1997 at Belleville and Pawnee, IL, to evaluate single and sequential applications of glufosinate on tolerance of glufosinate-resistant corn and annual weed control. Glufosinate caused 0 to 13% corn injury 7 days after treatment (DAT) and 0 to 6% corn injury 28 DAT. Injury was characterized as stunting with glufosinate. Glufosinate at 400 to 1,200 g ai/ha did not reduce final corn height or grain yield. At Pawnee in both years and at Belleville in 1996, a single application of glufosinate at 400 g/ha controlled giant foxtail, velvetleaf, ivyleaf morningglory, and common lambsquarters 85 to 100%. At Belleville in 1997, sequential applications of glufosinate provided greater weed control (87 to 100%) than a single application (0 to 63%) because of weed emergence after application. Weed control with a single application of glufosinate or with nicosulfuron plus bromoxynil was similar at both locations. Height and grain yield of glufosinate-resistant corn were not different from that of glufosinate-susceptible corn (isoline of glufosinate-resistant corn).

Effect of roller-crimper technology on weed management in organic zucchini production in a Mediterranean climate zone

2015 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 111-121 ◽  
Author(s):  
Corrado Ciaccia ◽  
Stefano Canali ◽  
Gabriele Campanelli ◽  
Elena Testani ◽  
Francesco Montemurro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Weed Control ◽  
Cover Crops ◽  
Weed Management ◽  
Cover Crop ◽  
Cropping Systems ◽  
Central Italy ◽  
Competitive Balance ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Cropping Seasons

AbstractIntegrating cover crops into vegetable cropping systems can provide a wide range of ecological services, of which weed management is a key component. Cover crop effects on weed control, however, are dependent on termination methods and weed species present in specific cropping seasons. A 2-year weed management experiment with two cultivars of organic zucchini (Cucurbita pepo L.) in central Italy was carried out to compare the effect of a barley (Hordeum distichum L.) cover crop terminated with a modified roller-crimper (RC) to incorporated barley as green manure (GM) and a tilled control left fallow (FA) in the off-season. The effects of cover-crop management on crop competitiveness, yields and weed populations were evaluated by direct measurement, visual estimation and competition index methods. Results showed a significant reduction in weed biomass (>80%) and weed abundance with the RC compared to the GM and FA treatments. Moreover, the RC barley mulch maintained weed control in zucchini plots even under high weed pressure, as determined by the agronomic tolerance to competition (ATC) value of 67% in the RC treatment compared to 40 and 34% in the FA and GM treatments, respectively, averaged over both years of the experiment. The competitive balance (Cb), which quantified the ability of the zucchini crop to compete with weed populations, was also greater (+0.37) in the RC treatment compared to FA (−0.87) and GM (−0.69) treatments over the same period. Zucchini crop biomass was greatest in the RC treatment in 2011. Zucchini fruit yields varied from an average over both years of 1.4 Mg ha−1 in the RC treatment to 0.7 Mg ha−1 in the GM treatment, but yields in the FA treatment, 1.2 Mg ha−1, did not differ from the RC treatment. No differences in yield between ‘Dietary’ and ‘Every’ zucchini, or any significant interactions between cultivar and cover management related to fruit biomass, were observed. Our findings suggested the viability of the modified RC in creating a barley cover-crop mulch to effectively manage weeds and enhance yields in transplanted zucchini.

scholarly journals Crop management and its effects on weed occurrences

2021 ◽  
Vol 37 ◽  
pp. e37012
Author(s):  
Marco Aurelio Castro ◽  
Sebastião Ferreira de Lima ◽  
Germison Vital Tomquelski ◽  
Maria Gabriela Oliveira de Andrade ◽  
Jordana Dias Martins
Keyword(s):  
Cover Crops ◽  
Crop Management ◽  
Venn Diagram ◽  
Conyza Canadensis ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Herbicide Resistant ◽  
Commelina Benghalensis ◽  
Similarity Indices ◽  
Management Area ◽  
Crop Management Systems

The objective was to evaluate weed phytosociology and similarities between crop management systems in the Chapadões region. The experiment was conducted at in agricultural area located in the municipality of Chapadão do Sul, MS, during the 2016/17 harvest. Three crop managements strategies were used: (1) cotton/soybean/Urochloa, (2) millet/soybean/millet and (3) millet/soybean/crotalaria. A phytosociological survey of weeds was carried out during soybean cultivation and cover crops growth, in succession. The evaluation area for each management strategy was 0.5 ha. Soybean surveys were carried out in October and January, while the cover crop surveys were performed in February and May. The relative frequency (RF), relative density (RD), relative abundance (AR), and relative importance (RI) of weeds, Venn diagram, and Jaccard and Sorenson similarity indices were evaluated. The management area represented by the cotton/soybean/Urochloa rotation had fewer weed species than others. The species Cenchrus echinatus, Digitaria insularis, Digitaria sanguinalis, Eleusine indica and Commelina benghalensis had the highest phytosociological indeces among the monocotyledons. Attention is required for managing the dicotyledons Amaranthus deflexus, Conyza canadensis and Senna obtusifolia despite their low indices because of herbicide resistant cases. The highest indeces of similarity were found between managements areas 2 and 3, which did not rely on cotton cultivation prior to soybeans.

Sensitivity of weed emergence and dynamics to life-traits of annual spring-emerging weeds in contrasting cropping systems, using weed beet (Beta vulgarisssp.vulgaris) as an example

2011 ◽  
Vol 149 (6) ◽  
pp. 679-700 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. COLBACH ◽  
B. CHAUVEL ◽  
H. DARMENCY ◽  
Y. TRICAULT
Keyword(s):  
Weed Control ◽  
Seed Bank ◽  
Weed Management ◽  
Cropping Systems ◽  
Model Parameters ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Life Traits ◽  
Weed Flora ◽  
Management Advice ◽  
Weed Emergence

SUMMARYCropping systems contain a diverse multi-species weed flora including several species that cross-breed with and/or descend from crops, including weed beet (Beta vulgarisssp.vulgaris). The effects of cropping systems on this weed flora are complex because of their large range of variation and their numerous interactions with climate and soil conditions. In order to study and quantify the long-term effects of cropping system components (crop succession and cultural techniques) on weed population dynamics, a biophysical process-based model called GENESYS-Beet has previously been developed for weed beet. In the present paper, the model was modified to remove the crop–weed connection and employed to identify and rank the weed life-traits as a function of their effect on weed emergence timing and density as well as on weed densities at plant, adult and seed bank stages, using a global sensitivity analysis to model parameters. A similar method has already been used with the complete GENESYS-Beet model (i.e. including the crop–weed connection) based on Monte Carlo simulations with simultaneous randomization of all life-trait parameters and run in three cropping systems differing in their risk of infestation by weed beet. Simulated weed emergence timing and density, as well as surviving plant, adult and seed bank densities, were then analysed with regression models as a function of model parameters to rank life-cycle processes and related life-traits and quantify their effects. The comparison of the present, crop-independent results to those of the previous, crop-dependent study showed that the crop-relative weed beet can be considered as a typical crop-independent spring weed as long as no traits conferring a selective advantage are inherited and in rotations where crops favouring weed emergence and reproduction are frequent. In such rotations, advice for controlling the crop-relative and the crop-independent weed is more or less identical. The rarer these favourable crops, the more important pre-emergence processes become for the crop-independent weed; management advice should thus focus more on seed bank survival and seedling emergence. For the crop-relative, post-emergence processes become dominant because of the increasing necessity for a new population founding event; management advice should mostly concern the avoidance of crop bolters. In both studies, the key parameters were more or less the same, i.e. those determining the timing and success of growth, development, seed maturation and the physiological end of seed production. Timing parameters were usually more important than success parameters, showing for instance that optimal timing of weed management operations is often more important than its exact efficacy. Comparison with previous sensitivity analyses carried out for autumn-emerging weed species showed that some of the present conclusions are probably specific to spring-emerging weed species only. For autumn-emerging species, pre-emergence traits would be more important. In the rotations with frequent favourable crops and insufficient weed control, interactions between traits were small, indicating that diverse populations and species with contrasting traits could prosper, potentially leading to a diverse multi-species weed flora. Conversely, when favourable crops were rare and weed control optimal, traits had little impact individually, indicating that a small number of optimal combinations of traits would be successful, thus limiting both intra- and inter-specific variability.

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