Downy Brome (Bromus tectorum) Vernalization: Variation and Genetic Controls

Weed Science ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 66 (3) ◽  
pp. 310-316 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nevin C. Lawrence ◽  
Amber L. Hauvermale ◽  
Ian C. Burke
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Bromus Tectorum ◽  
Brachypodium Distachyon ◽  
Western North America ◽  
Downy Brome ◽  
Annual Grass ◽  
Vernalization Gene ◽  
Greenhouse Experiments ◽  
Winter Annual

AbstractDowny brome (Bromus tectorumL.) is a widely distributed invasive winter annual grass across western North America.Bromus tectorumphenology can vary considerably among populations, and those differences are considered adaptively significant. A consensus hypothesis in the literature attributes the majority of observed differences inB. tectorumphenology to differing vernalization requirements among populations. A series of greenhouse experiments were conducted to identify differences inB. tectorumvernalization requirements and link vernalization to expression of annual false-brome [Brachypodium distachyon(L.) P. Beauv.]-derived vernalization gene homolog (BdVRN1). Results from this study indicate that variation in time to flowering is partially governed by differing vernalization requirements and that flowering is linked to the expression ofBdVRN1.

Is Pyrenophora semeniperda the Cause of Downy Brome (Bromus tectorum) Die-offs?

2013 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 105-111 ◽  
Author(s):  
Owen W. Baughman ◽  
Susan E. Meyer
Keyword(s):  
Seed Bank ◽  
Fungal Pathogen ◽  
Bromus Tectorum ◽  
Seed Banks ◽  
Causal Agent ◽  
Western North America ◽  
Downy Brome ◽  
Winter Annual ◽  
Persistent Seed Bank ◽  
Semi Arid

AbstractDowny brome (cheatgrass) is a highly successful, exotic, winter annual invader in semi-arid western North America, forming near-monocultures across many landscapes. A frequent but poorly understood phenomenon in these heavily invaded areas is periodic ‘die-off’ or complete stand failure. The fungal pathogen Pyrenophora semeniperda is abundant in cheatgrass seed banks and causes high mortality. To determine whether this pathogen could be responsible for stand failure, we quantified late spring seed banks in die-off areas and adjacent cheatgrass stands at nine sites. Seed bank analysis showed that this pathogen was not a die-off causal agent at those sites. We determined that seed bank sampling and litter data could be used to estimate time since die-off. Seed bank patterns in our recent die-offs indicated that the die-off causal agent does not significantly impact seeds in the persistent seed bank.

Interference of Annual Weeds in Seedling Alfalfa (Medicago sativa)

Weed Science ◽  
1988 ◽  
Vol 36 (5) ◽  
pp. 583-588 ◽  
Author(s):  
Albert J. Fischer ◽  
Jean H. Dawson ◽  
Arnold P. Appleby
Keyword(s):  
Medicago Sativa ◽  
Bromus Tectorum ◽  
Early Spring ◽  
Amaranthus Retroflexus ◽  
Downy Brome ◽  
Weed Interference ◽  
Alfalfa Hay ◽  
Winter Annual ◽  
Annual Weeds

Barnyardgrass [Echinochloa crus-galli(L.) Beauv. #4ECHCG] and pigweeds (mixture ofAmaranthus retroflexusL. # AMARE andA. powelliiS. Wats. # AMAPO) seeded separately with alfalfa (Medicago sativaL.) in mid-August suppressed alfalfa severely before frost killed them in October and November. Some alfalfa was killed, and yield of alfalfa forage was reduced in each of three harvests the following year. These weeds did not harm alfalfa seeded in mid-September. Downy brome (Bromus tectorumL. # BROTE) and tumble mustard (Sisymbrium altissimumL. # SSYAL) suppressed alfalfa seeded in August and September. They reduced alfalfa stands and reduced yield of alfalfa forage in each of three harvests the following year. Alfalfa seeded August 27 and allowed to compete with a mixture of these species for various periods was injured most by weeds that emerged with the alfalfa and remained uncontrolled until forage harvest in May. These weeds did not reduce alfalfa yields if removed by 36 days after alfalfa emergence. Thereafter, yield decreased as the period of weed interference increased. Interference was most damaging in early spring, when growth of winter annual weeds was rapid and vigorous. Weeds seeded 65 or more days after alfalfa emergence did not reduce alfalfa yields but sometimes produced enough biomass to reduce the quality of the first-cutting alfalfa hay.

THE BIOLOGY OF CANADIAN WEEDS.: 75. Bromus tectorum L.

1986 ◽  
Vol 66 (3) ◽  
pp. 689-709 ◽  
Author(s):  
MAHESH K. UPADHYAYA ◽  
DOUGLAS McILVRIDE ◽  
ROY TURKINGTON
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
North America ◽  
Bromus Tectorum ◽  
Downy Brome ◽  
Weed Biology ◽  
Intensive Research ◽  
Extensive Documentation ◽  
Competitive Success ◽  
Canadian Provinces ◽  
And Control

Bromus tectorum L. (downy brome), introduced to North America from Europe before 1861, has spread throughout most of the continent. It is present in all Canadian provinces except Newfoundland and is particularly abundant in southwestern Alberta and southern British Columbia. The ubiquitous nature of B. tectorum and its dual role as a serious weed and an important forage have resulted in extensive documentation on various aspects of its biology. Intensive research efforts have been expended in understanding its competitive success, and in implementing management and control practices. This paper reviews and summarizes literature on the biology of B. tectorum.Key words: Bromus tectorum, downy brome, cheatgrass, weed biology

The History and Distribution of Downy Brome (Bromus tectorum) in North America

Weed Science ◽  
1984 ◽  
Vol 32 (S1) ◽  
pp. 2-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Larry A. Morrow ◽  
Phillip W. Stahlman
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
North America ◽  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Great Basin ◽  
Bromus Tectorum ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Western United States ◽  
Downy Brome ◽  
Tillage Practices ◽  
Agricultural Production Systems

Downy brome (Bromus tectorumL. # BROTE) has developed into a severe weed in several agricultural production systems throughout North America, particularly on rangeland and in winter wheat (Triticum aestivumL.). Several million hectares of winter wheat, pastureland, alfalfa (Medicago sativaL.), grass seed fields, and overgrazed rangeland, as well as other crops, have been invaded by this annual grass since its introduction into this hemisphere. Downy brome is most abundant in the Great Basin and Columbia Basin areas of the western United States, but is found throughout the continental United States and parts of Canada and Mexico. In some cases, the vegetation on overgrazed rangeland consists totally of downy brome, while winter wheat growers in the western United States proclaim it as their worst weed problem. Changes in tillage practices that are currently being implemented for the control of soil erosion coupled with the lack of selective herbicides for the control of downy brome have aided its increase and spread.

scholarly journals Seed retention of winter annual grass weeds at winter wheat harvest maturity shows potential for harvest weed seed control

2019 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
pp. 266-271 ◽  
Author(s):  
Neeta Soni ◽  
Scott J. Nissen ◽  
Philip Westra ◽  
Jason K. Norsworthy ◽  
Michael J. Walsh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Great Plains ◽  
Downy Brome ◽  
Annual Grass ◽  
Weed Seed ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Jointed Goatgrass ◽  
Seed Retention ◽  
Winter Annual ◽  
Feral Rye

AbstractDowny brome, feral rye, and jointed goatgrass are problematic winter annual grasses in central Great Plains winter wheat production. Integrated control strategies are needed to manage winter annual grasses and reduce selection pressure exerted on these weed populations by the limited herbicide options currently available. Harvest weed-seed control (HWSC) methods aim to remove or destroy weed seeds, thereby reducing seed-bank enrichment at crop harvest. An added advantage is the potential to reduce herbicide-resistant weed seeds that are more likely to be present at harvest, thereby providing a nonchemical resistance-management strategy. Our objective was to assess the potential for HWSC of winter annual grass weeds in winter wheat by measuring seed retention at harvest and destruction percentage in an impact mill. During 2015 and 2016, 40 wheat fields in eastern Colorado were sampled. Seed retention was quantified and compared per weed species by counting seed retained above the harvested fraction of the wheat upper canopy (15 cm and above), seed retained below 15 cm, and shattered seed on the soil surface at wheat harvest. A stand-mounted impact mill device was used to determine the percent seed destruction of grass weed species in processed wheat chaff. Averaged across both years, seed retention (±SE) was 75% ± 2.9%, 90% ± 1.7%, and 76% ± 4.3% for downy brome, feral rye, and jointed goatgrass, respectively. Seed retention was most variable for downy brome, because 59% of the samples had at least 75% seed retention, whereas the proportions for feral rye and jointed goatgrass samples with at least 75% seed retention were 93% and 70%, respectively. Weed seed destruction percentages were at least 98% for all three species. These results suggest HWSC could be implemented as an integrated strategy for winter annual grass management in central Great Plains winter wheat cropping systems.

Dose-Responses of Weeds and Winter Wheat (Triticum aestivum) to MON 37500

1996 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 870-875 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick W. Geier ◽  
Phillip W. Stahlman
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Residual Effects ◽  
Downy Brome ◽  
Annual Grass ◽  
Jointed Goatgrass ◽  
Weed Growth ◽  
Annual Grasses ◽  
Winter Annual ◽  
Dose Responses ◽  
Weed Emergence

Greenhouse studies determined the dose-responses of cheat, downy brome, Japanese brome, jointed goatgrass, and winter wheat to preplant-incorporated MON 37500 and its residual effects on kochia. Concentrations of MON 37500 up to 60 ppbw did not affect winter wheat. MON 37500 did not prevent weed emergence, but increasingly inhibited weed growth as the dose was increased up to about 20 ppbw. GR50values were 16, 16, 11, and 31 ppbw for cheat, downy brome, Japanese brome, and jointed goatgrass, respectively. Japanese brome was more susceptible than cheat or downy brome, and jointed goatgrass tolerated two to three times more MON 37500 than theBromusspecies. Plant dry weights of kochia seeded after removal of the winter annual grasses decreased with increasing initial MON 37500 concentrations up to 20 ppbw. Kochia density was influenced by which winter annual grass was grown previously.

Temperature effects on three downy brome (Bromus tectorum) seed collections inoculated with the fungal pathogen Pyrenophora semeniperda

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (02) ◽  
pp. 150-154
Author(s):  
Krista A. Ehlert ◽  
Zachariah Miller ◽  
Jane M. Mangold ◽  
Fabian Menalled ◽  
Alexandra Thornton
Keyword(s):  
Fungal Pathogen ◽  
Bromus Tectorum ◽  
Propagule Pressure ◽  
Downy Brome ◽  
Infection Rates ◽  
Temperature Dependent ◽  
Susceptibility To Infection ◽  
Winter Annual ◽  
Effects Of Temperature ◽  
Seed Collections

AbstractDowny brome (Bromus tectorum L., syn. cheatgrass) is a winter annual grass that invades North American cropping, forage, and rangeland systems. Control is often difficult to achieve, because B. tectorum has a large seedbank, which results in continuous propagule pressure. Pyrenophora semeniperda (Brittlebank and Adam) Shoemaker, a soilborne fungal pathogen, has been investigated as a biological control for B. tectorum, because it can kill seeds that remain in the seedbank, thereby reducing propagule pressure. Temperature influences P. semeniperda and has not been investigated in the context of seeds collected from different B. tectorum locations, that may vary in susceptibility to infection. We compared the effects of temperature (13, 17, 21, 25 C) and B. tectorum seed locations (range, crop, subalpine) with different mean seed weights on infection rates of P. semeniperda using a temperature-gradient table. Infection differed by seed location (P < 0.001) and temperature (P < 0.001), with lighter-weight seeds (i.e., range and subalpine) more susceptible to P. semeniperda infection. Infection increased as temperature increased and was higher at 21 C (66.7 ± 6.7%) and 25 C (73.3 ± 6.0%). Germination was affected by seed location (P < 0.001) and temperature (P = 0.019). Germination was highest for the crop seed location (45.4 ± 4.2%) and overall decreased at higher temperatures (21 and 25 C). Our results suggest that B. tectorum seeds from a crop location are less affected by P. semeniperda than those from range and subalpine locations. Moreover, this demonstrates a temperature-dependent effect on all populations.

Downy Brome,Bromus tectorumL.

1999 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 665-668 ◽  
Author(s):  
Larry W. Mitich
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Bromus Tectorum ◽  
Dual Role ◽  
Downy Brome ◽  
Forage Crops ◽  
Northern Mexico ◽  
Mountainous Regions ◽  
The U.S

The genusBromusin the Poaceae includes 100 species of annuals, biennials, and perennials. Several species are important as forage crops while others are grown as ornamentals. It is distributed in the temperate areas and in tropical mountainous regions (Hyam and Parkhurst 1995).Bromus tectorumL., downy brome, an introduced annual, occurs throughout most of the U.S., Canada, and northern Mexico (Sheley and Petroff 1999). It was introduced to North America from Europe before 1861. Downy brome has a dual role as a serious weed and as an important forage (Upadhyaya et al. 1986).

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document