scholarly journals Contamination Scenario Matters when Using Viral and Bacterial Human-Associated Genetic Markers as Indicators of a Health Risk in Untreated Sewage-Impacted Recreational Waters

2020 ◽  
Vol 54 (20) ◽  
pp. 13101-13109
Author(s):  
Mary E. Schoen ◽  
Alexandria B. Boehm ◽  
Jeffrey Soller ◽  
Orin C. Shanks
Keyword(s):  
Health Risk ◽  
Genetic Markers ◽  
Recreational Waters ◽  
Untreated Sewage

scholarly journals Relationships between the occurrence of Giardia and Cryptosporidium and physicochemical properties of marine waters of the Pacific Coast of Mexico

2010 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 797-802 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dalia Magana-Ordorica ◽  
Kristina Mena ◽  
Jose B. Valdez-Torres ◽  
Marcela Soto-Beltran ◽  
Josefina Leon-Felix ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Samples ◽  
Physicochemical Parameters ◽  
Pacific Coast ◽  
Microbial Quality ◽  
Recreational Water ◽  
Regression Analyses ◽  
Recreational Waters ◽  
Untreated Sewage ◽  
The Pacific

Untreated sewage has adversely affected the quality of marine recreational waters worldwide. Exposure to marine recreational water with poor microbial quality may pose a threat to bathers. The objectives of this study were to assess the effect of physicochemical parameters on Cryptosporidium and Giardia presence in marine recreational water of Sinaloa, Mexico, by Logistic Regression Analyses. Thirty-two 10-litre water samples were collected from two tourist beaches, Altata and Mazatlan, between November 2006 and May 2007. Water samples were processed by the EPA 1623 method and pH, temperature, salinity and turbidity were also determined. Cryptosporidium and Giardia were present in 71 and 57% of the samples collected from Altata, respectively. In Mazatlan, Cryptosporidium and Giardia were found in 83 and 72% of the samples, respectively. The overall concentration of Cryptosporidium ranged from 150 to 2,050 oocysts/10 L with an average of 581 oocysts/10 L and Giardia ranged from 10 to 300 cysts/10 L with an average of 73 cysts/10 L. The occurrence of both parasites increased in water with decreasing temperatures and increasing turbidity of the water.

A novel screening tool for the health risk in recreational waters near estuary: The Carrying Capacity indicator

2019 ◽  
Vol 694 ◽  
pp. 133584 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mariaines Di Dato ◽  
Morena Galešić ◽  
Petra Šimundić ◽  
Roko Andričević
Keyword(s):  
Health Risk ◽  
Carrying Capacity ◽  
Screening Tool ◽  
Recreational Waters

Pathogenic multiple antimicrobial resistant Escherichia coli serotypes in recreational waters of Mumbai, India: a potential public health risk

2017 ◽  
Vol 24 (12) ◽  
pp. 11504-11517 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aayushi Maloo ◽  
Abhay B. Fulke ◽  
Najmuddin Mulani ◽  
Soniya Sukumaran ◽  
Anirudh Ram
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Health Risk ◽  
Recreational Waters ◽  
Public Health Risk ◽  
Potential Public Health

scholarly journals Staphylococcus aureus Strain Newman Photoinactivation and Cellular Response to Sunlight Exposure

2017 ◽  
Vol 83 (17) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jill S. McClary ◽  
Lauren M. Sassoubre ◽  
Alexandria B. Boehm
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Health Risk ◽  
Human Health Risk ◽  
Methionine Sulfoxide ◽  
Sunlight Exposure ◽  
Methionine Sulfoxide Reductase ◽  
Skin Infections ◽  
Recreational Waters ◽  
Content Type

ABSTRACT Sunlight influences microbial water quality of surface waters. Previous studies have investigated photoinactivation mechanisms and cellular photostress responses of fecal indicator bacteria (FIB), including Escherichia coli and enterococci, but further work is needed to characterize photostress responses of bacterial pathogens. Here we investigate the photoinactivation of Staphylococcus aureus (strain Newman), a pigmented, waterborne pathogen of emerging concern. We measured photodecay using standard culture-based assays and cellular membrane integrity and investigated photostress response by measuring the relative number of mRNA transcripts of select oxidative stress, DNA repair, and metabolism genes. Photoinactivation experiments were performed in both oxic and anoxic systems to further investigate the role of oxygen-mediated and non-oxygen-mediated photoinactivation mechanisms. S. aureus lost culturability much faster in oxic systems than in anoxic systems, indicating an important role for oxygen in photodecay mechanisms. S. aureus cell membranes were damaged by sunlight exposure in anoxic systems but not in oxic systems, as measured by cell membrane permeability to propidium iodide. After sunlight exposure, S. aureus increased expression of a gene coding for methionine sulfoxide reductase after 12 h of sunlight exposure in the oxic system and after 6 h of sunlight exposure in the anoxic system, suggesting that methionine sulfoxide reductase is an important enzyme for defense against both oxygen-dependent and oxygen-independent photostresses. This research highlights the importance of oxygen in bacterial photoinactivation in environmentally relevant systems and the complexity of the bacterial photostress response with respect to cell structure and transcriptional regulation. IMPORTANCE Staphylococcus aureus is a pathogenic bacterium that causes gastrointestinal, respiratory, and skin infections. In severe cases, S. aureus infection can lead to life-threatening diseases, including pneumonia and sepsis. Cases of community-acquired S. aureus infection have been increasing in recent years, pointing to the importance of considering S. aureus transmission pathways outside the hospital environment. Associations have been observed between recreational water contact and staphylococcal skin infections, suggesting that recreational waters may be an important environmental transmission pathway for S. aureus. However, prediction of human health risk in recreational waters is hindered by incomplete knowledge of pathogen sources, fate, and transport in this environment. This study is an in-depth investigation of the inactivation of a representative strain of S. aureus by sunlight exposure, one of the most important factors controlling the fate of microbial contaminants in clear waters, which will improve our ability to predict water quality changes and human health risk in recreational waters.

scholarly journals Health Risk Assessment, Pore Water Chemistry, and Assessment of Trace Metals Transfer from Two Untreated Sewage Sludge Types to Tomato Crop (Lycopersicon esculentum) at Different Application Levels

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (22) ◽  
pp. 12394
Author(s):  
Ghulam Murtaza ◽  
Umair Riaz ◽  
Humera Aziz ◽  
Nabila Shaheen ◽  
Muhammad Irfan Sohail ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Trace Metals ◽  
Sewage Sludge ◽  
Lycopersicon Esculentum ◽  
Health Risk ◽  
Wastewater Treatment Plant ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Shoot Biomass ◽  
Tomato Crop ◽  
Untreated Sewage

The application of untreated sewage sludge to cropland in water-deficient areas is common practice. A study was conducted to investigate the transfer of trace elements from sewage sludge to tomato crop and the potential health risk to humans. Two types of sewage sludge, ISS (I-9 Sector wastewater treatment plant, Islamabad) and WSS (Water and Sanitation Authority wastewater treatment plant, Faisalabad), were applied at 0.5%, 1.0%, and 1.5% w/w and compared with control (without any amendment). The test crop was tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum). Results revealed that the ECe of soil was increased by these treatments with respect to all application levels. The levels of Pb (lead) and Zn (Zinc) solubility in soil were increased about 46- and 28-fold by the application of ISS at 1.5% and 16- and 22-fold by the application of WSS at 1.5%, respectively. The highest shoot biomass was recorded with 0.5% level of WSS, while higher rates (1.0% and 1.5%) of both ISS and WSS showed significant (p < 0.001) decline in shoot biomass production, and the lowest SFW was recorded with the addition of ISS at 1.5% application rate (a significant reduction of 44%) compared to control. The pore water analysis and correlation depicted that dissolved organic carbon (DOC) controlled the release of Zn and Pb. The PLI (value < 1) indicated that the overall pollution of trace metals in the investigated samples was absent, but the Igeo and CF showed the contamination potential for Cd, Cu, and Ni was moderate to strong. DIM and HRI analysis suggested that the tomato was safe for human consumption. The HRI values for all trace metals were below the permissible limit (HRI = 1) described by USEPA-IRIS. It was concluded that a lower rate of both sewage sludge types produces more biomass and less accumulation of trace metals in the test crop.

scholarly journals A review of technologies for rapid detection of bacteria in recreational waters

2005 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 381-392 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rachel T. Noble ◽  
Stephen B. Weisberg
Keyword(s):  
Nucleic Acid ◽  
Health Risk ◽  
Cell Structure ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Cell Recognition ◽  
Recreational Waters ◽  
Fecal Indicator ◽  
Whole Cell ◽  
New Methods ◽  
Enzyme Substrate

Monitoring of recreational beaches for fecal indicator bacteria is currently performed using culture-based technology that can require more than a day for laboratory analysis, during which time swimmers are at risk. Here we review new methods that have the potential to reduce the measurement period to less than an hour. These methods generally involve two steps. The first is target capture, in which the microbial group of interest (or some molecular/chemical/or biochemical signature of the group) is removed, tagged or amplified to differentiate it from the remaining material in the sample. We discuss three classes of capture methods: 1) Surface and whole-cell recognition methods, including immunoassay techniques and molecule-specific probes; 2) Nucleic acid methods, including polymerase chain reaction (PCR), quantitative PCR (Q-PCR), nucleic acid sequence based amplification (NASBA) and microarrays; and 3) Enzyme/substrate methods utilizing chromogenic or fluorogenic substrates. The second step is detection, in which optical, electrochemical or piezoelectric technologies are used to quantify the captured, tagged or amplified material. The biggest technological hurdle for all of these methods is sensitivity, as EPA's recommended bathing water standard is less than one cell per ml and most detection technologies measure sample volumes less than 1 ml. This challenge is being overcome through addition of preconcentration or enrichment steps, which have the potential to boost sensitivity without the need to develop new detector technology. The second hurdle is demonstrating a relationship to health risk, since most new methods are based on measuring cell structure without assessing viability and may not relate to current water quality standards that were developed in epidemiology studies using culture-based methods. Enzyme/substrate methods may be the first rapid methods adopted because they are based on the same capture technology as currently-approved EPA methods and their relationship to health risk can be established by demonstrating equivalency to existing procedures. Demonstration of equivalency may also be possible for some surface and whole-cell recognition methods that capture bacteria in a potentially viable state. Nucleic acid technologies are the most versatile, but measure nonviable structure and will require inclusion in epidemiological studies to link their measurement with health risk.

Reducing the health risk by using rapid quantification methods for the monitoring of E. coli and Enterococci in bathing waters

2009 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Courtois ◽  
Z. Do Quang ◽  
P. Bergeron ◽  
P. Massé
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Health Risk ◽  
Alternative Methods ◽  
Sample Collection ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Recreational Waters ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Management Actions ◽  
Critical Control Points ◽  
Bathing Waters

Recreational waters are monitored worldwide to protect bathers from infectious diseases caused by waterborne pathogens associated with the pollution of natural recreational waters by human and animal feces. Water quality standards are typically based on measurements of the concentrations of fecal indicator organisms (Escherichia coli and Enterococcus) and are becoming more stringent. A complicating factor is the time required (18-36 hours) for completion of conventional culture-based methods (as approved by the US EPA or ISO institutions). During the lag time between sample collection and availability of results indicator and pathogen levels, weather and water conditions may change and thus related health risk may also change. By using new rapid analytical tools, critical control points can be monitored to provide information so that management actions can have an impact on the exposure risk. The aim of this study was to evaluate the capacity of two new alternative methods for the rapid and routine enumeration of E. coli and Enterococci in bathing waters: fluorimetric assays based on the measurement of enzymatic activities, and quantitative RT-PCR. Both methods are fast (1 hour for 6 samples analysed by one fluorescence spectrophotometer; 3 hours for the simultaneous analysis of 15 to 96 samples by RT-PCR) and their results (for the microbiological criteria of current European regulations) compared with those from the standard methods are congruent in more than 81% of analysed samples. Because these methods provide a faster assessment of water quality, they have the potential to significantly reduce health risk resulting from exposure to recreational waters and also reduce errors in beach closing.

scholarly journals Quantifying public health risks from exposure to waterborne pathogens during river bathing as a basis for reduction of disease burden

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 292-305
Author(s):  
M. M. Majedul Islam ◽  
Md. Atikul Islam
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Health Risk ◽  
Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment ◽  
Public Health Risk ◽  
Microbial Risk Assessment ◽  
Microbial Risk ◽  
The Public ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Untreated Sewage ◽  
Three Rivers

Abstract A Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment (QMRA) technique was applied to assess the public health risk from exposure to infectious microorganisms at bathing areas of three rivers in Bangladesh. The QMRA assessed the probability of illness due to the accidental ingestion of river water impacted by untreated sewage. The simplified QMRA was based on average concentrations of four reference pathogens Escherichia coli (E. coli) O157:H7, Cryptosporidium spp, norovirus and rotavirus relative to indicator bacterium E. coli. Public health risk was estimated as the probability of infection and illness from a single exposure of bathers. The risks of illness were ranged from 7 to 10% for E. coli O157:H7, 13 to 19% for Cryptosporidium, 7 to 10% for norovirus and 12 to 17% for rotavirus. The overall risk of illness at the rivers was slightly higher in children (9–19%) compared to adults (7–16%). The risks of illness in individuals exposed to the river bathing were unacceptably high, exceeding the USEPA acceptable risk of 3–6 illnesses per hundred bathing events. This study gives a basis for reducing the burden of disease in the population by applying appropriate risk management. Findings and methods of this study will be helpful for other countries with similar socio-economic and geographic settings.

Cyanotoxin management and human health risk mitigation in recreational waters

2014 ◽  
Vol 186 (7) ◽  
pp. 4443-4459 ◽  
Author(s):  
Judita Koreivienė ◽  
Olga Anne ◽  
Jūratė Kasperovičienė ◽  
Vilma Burškytė
Keyword(s):  
Health Risk ◽  
Human Health ◽  
Risk Mitigation ◽  
Human Health Risk ◽  
Recreational Waters

Severe Drooling and Treatment With Botulinum Toxin

2012 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-21
Author(s):  
Merete Bakke ◽  
Allan Bardow ◽  
Eigild Møller
Keyword(s):  
Botulinum Toxin ◽  
Side Effects ◽  
Health Risk ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Clinical Evidence ◽  
Acetylcholine Release ◽  
Psychosocial Problems ◽  
Rate Reduction ◽  
Local Inhibition ◽  
Surgical Treatments

Severe drooling is associated with discomfort and psychosocial problems and may constitute a health risk. A variety of different surgical and non-surgical treatments have been used to diminish drooling, some of them with little or uncertain effect and others more effective but irreversible or with side effects. Based on clinical evidence, injection with botulinum toxin (BTX) into the parotid and submandibular glands is a useful treatment option, because it is local, reversible, and with few side effects, although it has to be repeated. The mechanism of BTX is a local inhibition of acetylcholine release, which diminishes receptor-coupled secretion and results in a flow rate reduction of 25–50% for 2–7 months.

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