Pinolenic Acid in Structured Triacylglycerols Exhibits Superior Intestinal Lymphatic Absorption As Compared to Pinolenic Acid in Natural Pine Nut Oil

Various foods are associated with effects against metabolic diseases such as insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes; however, their mechanisms of action are mostly unclear. Fatty acids may contribute by acting as precursors of signalling molecules or by direct activity on receptors. The medium- and long-chain NEFA receptor FFA1 (free fatty acid receptor 1, previously known as GPR40) has been linked to enhancement of glucose-stimulated insulin secretion, whereas FFA4 (free fatty acid receptor 4, previously known as GPR120) has been associated with insulin-sensitising and anti-inflammatory effects, and both receptors are reported to protect pancreatic islets and promote secretion of appetite and glucose-regulating hormones. Hypothesising that FFA1 and FFA4 mediate therapeutic effects of dietary components, we screened a broad selection of NEFA on FFA1 and FFA4 and characterised active compounds in concentration–response curves. Of the screened compounds, pinolenic acid, a constituent of pine nut oil, was identified as a relatively potent and efficacious dual FFA1/FFA4 agonist, and its suitability for further studies was confirmed by additional in vitro characterisation. Pine nut oil and free and esterified pure pinolenic acid were tested in an acute glucose tolerance test in mice. Pine nut oil showed a moderately but significantly improved glucose tolerance compared with maize oil. Pure pinolenic acid or ethyl ester gave robust and highly significant improvements of glucose tolerance. In conclusion, the present results indicate that pinolenic acid is a comparatively potent and efficacious dual FFA1/FFA4 agonist that exerts antidiabetic effects in an acute mouse model. The compound thus deserves attention as a potential active dietary ingredient to prevent or counteract metabolic diseases.

Download Full-text

A review of the potential health benefits of pine nut oil and its characteristic fatty acid pinolenic acid

Journal of Functional Foods ◽

10.1016/j.jff.2016.03.003 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 23 ◽

pp. 464-473 ◽

Cited By ~ 23

Author(s):

Kayin Xie ◽

Elizabeth A. Miles ◽

Philip C. Calder

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acid ◽

Health Benefits ◽

Pinolenic Acid ◽

Potential Health ◽

Pine Nut ◽

Pine Nut Oil ◽

Characteristic Fatty Acid

Download Full-text

Preparation of Pinolenic Acid Concentrates from Pine Nut Oil Fatty Acids by Solvent Fractionation

Journal of Oleo Science ◽

10.5650/jos.ess18100 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 67 (11) ◽

pp. 1373-1379 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Min-Yu Chung ◽

In-Hwan Kim ◽

Byung Hee Kim

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Pinolenic Acid ◽

Solvent Fractionation ◽

Pine Nut ◽

Pine Nut Oil

Download Full-text

Enrichment of pinolenic acid from pine nut oil via lipase-catalyzed ethanolysis with an immobilizedCandida antarcticalipase

Biocatalysis and Biotransformation ◽

10.3109/10242422.2011.590983 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 29 (4) ◽

pp. 155-160 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Bo-Mi Lee ◽

Jong-Hun Choi ◽

Seung In Hong ◽

Sung Won Yoon ◽

Byung Hee Kim ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Pinolenic Acid ◽

Pine Nut ◽

Pine Nut Oil

Download Full-text

Effects of Delayed-Release Olive Oil and Hydrolyzed Pine Nut Oil on Glucose Tolerance, Incretin Secretion and Appetite in Humans

Nutrients ◽

10.3390/nu13103407 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (10) ◽

pp. 3407

Author(s):

Karina Sørensen ◽

Mads Kaspersen ◽

Jeppe Ekberg ◽

Annette Bauer-Brandl ◽

Trond Ulven ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Glucose Tolerance ◽

Olive Oil ◽

Repeated Measures ◽

Synergistic Effects ◽

Oral Glucose ◽

Delayed Release ◽

Pine Nut ◽

Gastrointestinal Tolerability ◽

Incretin Secretion ◽

Pine Nut Oil

Background: To investigate the potential synergistic effects of olive oil releasing 2-oleoylglycerol and hydrolyzed pine nut oil containing 20% pinolenic acid on GLP-1 secretion, glucose tolerance, insulin secretion and appetite in healthy individuals, when delivered to the small intestine as potential agonists of GPR119, FFA1 and FFA4. Methods: Nine overweight/obese individuals completed three 6-h oral glucose tolerance tests (OGTTs) in a crossover design. At -30 min, participants consumed either: no oil, 6 g of hydrolyzed pine nut oil (PNO-FFA), or a combination of 3 g hydrolyzed pine nut oil and 3 g olive oil (PNO-OO) in delayed-release capsules. Repeated measures of glucose, insulin, C-peptide, GLP-1, GIP, ghrelin, subjective appetite and gastrointestinal tolerability were done. Results: PNO-FFA augmented GLP-1 secretion from 0–360 min compared to no oil and PNO-OO (p < 0.01). GIP secretion was increased from 240–360 min after both PNO-FFA and PNO-OO versus no oil (p < 0.01). Both oil treatments suppressed subjective appetite by reducing hunger and prospective food consumption and increasing satiety (p < 0.05). Conclusions: In support of previous findings, 6 g of delayed-release hydrolyzed pine nut oil enhanced postprandial GLP-1 secretion and reduced appetite. However, no synergistic effect of combining hydrolyzed pine nut oil and olive oil on GLP-1 secretion was observed. These results need further evaluation in long-term studies including effects on bodyweight and insulin sensitivity.

Download Full-text