Toward Industrial-Scale Production of Perovskite Solar Cells: Screen Printing, Slot-Die Coating, and Emerging Techniques

Carbon-based hole transport layer-free mesoscopic perovskite solar cells can be manufactured at industrially relevant speeds on large areas using slot die coating. The cells show efficiencies comparable to those manufactured by screen printing.

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Meniscus Guide Slot-Die Coating For Roll-to-Roll Perovskite Solar Cells

MRS Advances ◽

10.1557/adv.2019.79 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 4 (24) ◽

pp. 1399-1407 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Daniel Burkitt ◽

Peter Greenwood ◽

Katherine Hooper ◽

David Richards ◽

Vasil Stoichkov ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Solar Cells ◽

Perovskite Solar Cells ◽

Deposition Process ◽

Low Flow ◽

Plastic Substrate ◽

Lead Iodide ◽

Perovskite Layer ◽

Slot Die Coating ◽

Roll To Roll ◽

Slot Die

Abstract:Roll-to-roll slot-die coating with a meniscus guide is used to deposit several layers in a P-I-N perovskite solar cell stack, including the perovskite layer. The use of various length meniscus guides as part of the slot-die head allows controlled coating of these layers at a common coating speed. The length of meniscus guide used is optimised and related to the rheology of the coated ink and appropriate choice of meniscus guide length provides a way to avoid flooding of the coated area and improve coating definition. Initial coating trial results suggest the low-flow limit of slot-die coating is still applicable when using a meniscus guide, which is an important and previously unreported observation, application of this theory to meniscus guide coating provides a useful tool for rapidly determining the appropriate coating conditions that can be used as part of a manufacturing process. This is further explored through the deposition of perovskite solar cells by roll-to-roll slot-die coating. The perovskite layer is deposited using a sequential slot-die deposition process using a low toxicity dimethyl sulfoxide ink for the lead iodide layer, it is found that increasing the drying oven temperature and air flow rate can be used to improve the uniformity of the layer but this can also result in deformation of the plastic substrate. Functioning perovskite solar cells are demonstrated using this technique, but a large variation is found between device performances which is attributed to the poor uniformity of the perovskite layer and damage caused to the substrate by excessive heating.

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Large scale flexible perovskite solar cells fabricated by slot die coating

10.1109/pvsc43889.2021.9518777 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Jun Wang ◽

Michael R. Squillante ◽

Siraj Sidhik ◽

Aditya Mohite ◽

Matthew S. J. Marshall

Keyword(s):

Solar Cells ◽

Large Scale ◽

Perovskite Solar Cells ◽

Slot Die Coating ◽

Slot Die

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Rapid and sheet-to-sheet slot-die coating manufacture of highly efficient perovskite solar cells processed under ambient air

Solar Energy ◽

10.1016/j.solener.2018.11.020 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 177 ◽

pp. 255-261 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

Yu-Ching Huang ◽

Chia-Feng Li ◽

Zhi-Hao Huang ◽

Po-Hung Liu ◽

Cheng-Si Tsao

Keyword(s):

Solar Cells ◽

Perovskite Solar Cells ◽

Ambient Air ◽

Slot Die Coating ◽

Highly Efficient ◽

Slot Die

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Polymer‐Assisted Single‐Step Slot‐Die Coating of Flexible Perovskite Solar Cells at Mild Temperature from Dimethyl Sulfoxide

ChemPlusChem ◽

10.1002/cplu.202100251 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 86 (10) ◽

pp. 1442-1450

Author(s):

Francesco Bisconti ◽

Antonella Giuri ◽

Gianluigi Marra ◽

Alberto Savoini ◽

Paolo Fumo ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Solar Cells ◽

Dimethyl Sulfoxide ◽

Perovskite Solar Cells ◽

Single Step ◽

Slot Die Coating ◽

Slot Die ◽

Mild Temperature

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Perovskite solar cells in N-I-P structure with four slot-die-coated layers

Royal Society Open Science ◽

10.1098/rsos.172158 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 5 (5) ◽

pp. 172158 ◽

Cited By ~ 19

Author(s):

Daniel Burkitt ◽

Justin Searle ◽

Trystan Watson

Keyword(s):

Titanium Dioxide ◽

Solar Cells ◽

Perovskite Solar Cells ◽

Single Step ◽

Hole Transport ◽

Large Area ◽

Slot Die Coating ◽

Glass Substrates ◽

Slot Die ◽

Conversion Efficiencies

The fabrication of perovskite solar cells in an N-I-P structure with compact titanium dioxide blocking, mesoporous titanium dioxide scaffold, single-step perovskite and hole-transport layers deposited using the slot-die coating technique is reported. Devices on fluorine-doped tin oxide-coated glass substrates with evaporated gold top contacts and four slot-die-coated layers are demonstrated, and best cells reach stabilized power conversion efficiencies of 7%. This work demonstrates the suitability of slot-die coating for the production of layers within this perovskite solar cell stack and the potential to transfer to large area and roll-to-roll manufacturing processes.

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Potential challenges and approaches to develop the large area efficient monolithic perovskite solar cells (mPSCs)

Journal of Materials Science Materials in Electronics ◽

10.1007/s10854-019-02394-7 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 30 (23) ◽

pp. 20320-20329

Author(s):

Arti Mishra ◽

Zubair Ahmad

Keyword(s):

Solar Cells ◽

Architectural Design ◽

Low Cost ◽

Perovskite Solar Cells ◽

Cost Effective ◽

Scale Production ◽

Large Area ◽

The Stability ◽

Future Direction ◽

Industrial Scale Production

Abstract The next generation technologies based on perovskite solar cells (PSCs) are targeted to develop a true low cost, low tech, widely deployable, easily manufactured and reliable photovoltaics. After the extremely fast evolution in the last few years on the laboratory-scale, PSCs power conversion efficiency (PCE) reached over 24%. However, the widespread use of PSCs requires addressing the stability and industrial scale production issues. Carbon based monolithic perovskite solar cells (mPSCs) are one of the most promising candidates for the commercialization of the PSCs. mPSCs possess a unique architectural design and pave an easy way to produce large area and cost-effective fabrication of the PSCs. In this article, recent progress in the field of mPSCs, challenges and strategies for their improvement are briefly reviewed. Also, we focus on the predominant implementations of recent techniques in the fabrication of the mPSCs to improve their performance. This review is intended to serve as a future direction guide for the scientists who are looking forward to developing more reliable, cost-effective and large area PSCs.

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Sequential Slot-Die Deposition of Perovskite Solar Cells Using Dimethylsulfoxide Lead Iodide Ink

Materials ◽

10.3390/ma11112106 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 11 (11) ◽

pp. 2106 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Daniel Burkitt ◽

Justin Searle ◽

David Worsley ◽

Trystan Watson

Keyword(s):

Solar Cells ◽

Perovskite Solar Cells ◽

Solvent System ◽

Lead Iodide ◽

Coating Quality ◽

Slot Die Coating ◽

Slot Die ◽

Coating Method ◽

Free Films ◽

Good Coating

This work demonstrates a sequential deposition of lead iodide followed by methylammonium iodide using the industrially compatible slot-die coating method that produces homogeneous pin-hole free films without the use of the highly toxic dimethylformamide. This is achieved through the careful selection and formulation of the solvent system and coating conditions for both the lead iodide layer and the methylammonium iodide coating. The solvent system choice is found to be critical to achieving good coating quality, conversion to the final perovskite and for the film morphology formed. A range of alcohols are assessed as solvent for methylammonium iodide formulations for use in slot-die coating. A dimethylsulfoxide solvent system for the lead iodide layer is shown which is significantly less toxic than the dimethylformamide solvent system commonly used for lead iodide deposition, which could find utility in high throughput manufacture of perovskite solar cells.

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