AbstractCancer cell metastasis is a major factor in cancer-related mortality. During the process of metastasis, cancer cells exhibit migratory phenotypes and invade through pores in the dense extracellular matrix. However, the characterization of morphological and subcellular features of cells in similar migratory phenotypes and the effects of geometric confinement on cell morphodynamics are not well understood. Here, we investigate the phenotypes of highly aggressive MDA-MB-231 cells in single cell and cell doublet (an initial and simplified collective state) forms in confined microenvironments. We group phenotypically similar single cells and cell doublets and characterize related morphological and subcellular features. We further detect two distinct migratory phenotypes, fluctuating and non-fluctuating, within the fast migrating single cell group. In addition, we demonstrate an increase in the number of protrusions formed at the leading edge of cells after invasion through geometric confinement. Finally, we track the short and long term effects of varied degrees of confinement on protrusion formation. Overall, our findings elucidate the underlying morphological and subcellular features associated with different single cell and cell doublet phenotypes and the impact of invasion through confined geometry on cell behavior.
Untangling superposed double layer and structural forces across confined nanoparticle suspensions
