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Published By Bentham Science

1573-4137

2022 ◽  
Vol 18 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Yasin ◽  
Sadia Hina ◽  
Rahila Naz ◽  
Thabet Abdeljawad ◽  
Muhammad Sohail

Aims:: This article is intended to investigate and determine combined impact of Slip and Hall current on Peristaltic transmission of Magneto-hydrodynamic (MHD) Eyring-Powell fluid. Background: The hall term arises taking strong force-field under consideration. Velocity, thermal and concentration slip conditions are applied. Energy equation is modeled by considering Joule-thermal effect. To observe non-Newtonian behavior of fluid the constitutive equations of Eyring-Powell fluid is encountered. Objective: Flow is studied in a wave frame of reference travelling with velocity of wave. The mathematical modeling is done by utilizing adequate assumptions of long wavelength and low Reynolds number. Method: The closed form solution for momentum, temperature and concentration distribution is computed analytically by using regular perturbation technique for small fluid parameter(A). Results: Graphical results are presented and discussed in detail to analyze behavior of sundry parameters on flow quantities (i.e. velocity, temperature and concentration profile). It is noticed that Powell-Eyring fluid parameters (A,B) have a significant role on the outcomes. Conclusion: The fluid parameter A magnifies the velocity profile whereas, the other fluid parameter B shows the opposite behavior.


2021 ◽  
Vol 18 ◽  
Author(s):  
Waleed Albalawi ◽  
Surur Alharbi ◽  
Fahad Alanazi ◽  
Hameed Alahmadi ◽  
Mothib Alghamdi ◽  
...  

Background: Skin diseases represent a major health concern worldwide and negatively impact patients’ quality of life. Despite the availability of various efficacious drugs, their therapeutic outcome is often limited due to shortcomings related to the formidable skin barrier and unfavorable physicochemical properties of drugs. Flexible nano-vesicles have shown tremendous potential to overcome these hurdles and improve the local therapeutic effect of these drugs. Objective: This review article is aimed to shed light on flexible nano-vesicular carriers as a means to combat skin diseases. Methods: The literature was reviewed using PubMed database using various keywords such as liposomes, flexible (deformable liposomes) (transferosomes), ethosomes, transethosomes, niosomes, and spanlastics. Results: Liposomes and niosomes were found effective for the loading and release of both hydrophilic and lipophilic drugs. However, their limited skin penetration led to drug delivery to the outermost layers of skin only. This necessitates the search for innovative vesicular carriers, including liposomes, flexible (deformable liposomes), ethosomes, transethosomes, and spanlastics. These flexible nano-vesicular carriers showed enhanced drug delivery and deposition across various skin layers, which was better than their corresponding conventional vesicles. This resulted in superior drug efficacy against various skin diseases such as skin cancer, inflammatory skin diseases, superficial fungal infections, etc. Conclusion: Flexible nano-vesicular carriers have proven themselves as efficient drug delivery systems that are able to deliver their cargo into the deep skin layers and thus, improve the therapeutic outcome of various skin diseases. However, there remain some challenges that need to be addressed before these nanocarriers can be translated from the lab to clinics.


2021 ◽  
Vol 18 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pragya Pallavi ◽  
Palani Sharmiladevi ◽  
Viswanathan Haribabu ◽  
Koyeli Girigoswami ◽  
Agnishwar Girigoswami

: Conventional treatment modalities for tumors face a variety of pitfalls including non-specific interactions leading to multiple adverse effects. These adverse effects are being overcome through innovations that are highly intense and selective delivery of therapeutic agents. More recently, Photodynamic therapy (PDT) has gained its value over conventional chemo- and radiotherapies due to the use of photosensitizers (PS) with an illuminating light source. Photosensitizers have crossed three generations with Photofrin being the first clinically approved PS for PDT. Even though these PS have proved to have cytotoxic effects against tumor cells, they suffer the selective distribution and concentration into the tumor sites that are deeply localized. To overcome these disadvantages, nanoformulations are currently being employed due to their unmatched physicochemical and surface properties. These nanoformulations include the encapsulation of PS acting as a nanocarrier for the PS or the functionalization of PS onto the surface of nanoparticles. The design of such nanoformulations involved in PDT is critical and valuable to consider. Along with PDT, several multifunctional approaches are being uplifted in the current trend where combined therapy and diagnosis are of importance. Furthermore, targeted, selective and specific delivery of the PS-loaded nanoformulations with receptor-mediated endocytosis is of interest to achieve better internalization into the tumor site. ROS generation with the interaction of PS augments cell death mechanisms exhibited due to PDT leading to the immunogenic response that further results an adaptive immune memory which prevents recurrence of tumor metastasis. Therefore, this review concentrates on the mechanisms of PDT, examples of nanocarriers and nanoparticles that are employed in PDT, combined therapies, and theranostics with PDT. A step forward, molecular mechanisms of nano-based PDT agents in killing tumor sites and design considerations for better PDT outcomes have been discussed.


2021 ◽  
Vol 18 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcelo Garrido dos Santos ◽  
João Pedro Prestes ◽  
Patricia Pranke

: Disorders of the central and peripheral nervous systems are still major human health issues. Researchers have been seeking ways to boost neuroregeneration and neuroprotection since ancient times in order to overcome the brain's, spinal cord's, and peripheral nerves' limited ability to regenerate spontaneously.In this scenario, nanopolymers have shown great potential in terms of drug delivery systems and scaffolds, diminishing the scale of tissue damage and promoting functional recovery in both acute and chronic injuries. A diversity of natural and synthetic polymers has been exploited due to the unique characteristics of these polymers regarding their mechanical and biological properties. These properties dictate how the biomaterial interact with biological systems and how they are distinct in each polymer. This makes them suitable for numerous applications that range from the controlled release of an anti-inflammatory drug to axonal guidance. The versatility of nanopolymers makes them a rich source for therapeutic approaches in the neuroscience field, especially in neuroprotection and neuroregeneration.


2021 ◽  
Vol 17 ◽  
Author(s):  
Monisha ◽  
Kamlesh Shrivas ◽  
Tarun Kumar Patle ◽  
Reena Jamunkar ◽  
Vikas Kumar Jain ◽  
...  

Background: Currently, the environmental and biological samples such as water, soil, vegetables, etc. are highly contaminated with metal ions, anions and pesticides. For analysis of these toxic substances from the environmental and biological samples, sophisticated and expensive instruments are being used. The present work deals with the developmentof a simple, faster, sensitive and economicalmethod forthe analysis of toxic substances present in the different samples. Methods: The general methods for synthesis and characterization of metallic (Ag, Au, Cu and graphene) nanoparticles and conductive polymer for its the development of conductive nano-ink, and fabrication of paper substrate by direct deposition and laser, wax, or inkjet printing techniques is reported. Results: Paper-based sensors fabricated with different nanomaterials used as colorimetric, electrochemical and fluorescence-based chemical sensors for the quantitative determinationof pesticides, toxic metal ions in various biological and clinical samples have been comprehensively discussed in this review. Conclusion: The low-cost, rapid, eco-friendly, flexible, portable, paper-based sensors using nanoparticles (NPs) is on-demand for on-site detection of differentchemical constituents present in various environmental, biological and clinical samples.


2021 ◽  
Vol 17 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ahmed Alahmed ◽  
Emel Ceyhun Sabır

: The electrodes are the basis for building flexible lithium-ion batteries (FLIBs), and many attempts have been made to develop flexible electrodes with high efficiency in terms of electrical conductivity, chemical and mechanical properties. Most studies showed relatively satisfactory results when testing the electrochemical properties of laboratory-produced electrodes, but most of these electrodes could not meet the expected requirements of flexible electrodes in practical applications. Quantitative production faces many problems that must be overcome, such as the gradual decline in electrochemical performance, deformation of the electrode structure, high production costs, and difficulties in the production process itself. In this research, developments in the production of flexible electrodes, especially those that depend on carbon materials and metal nanoparticles, will be discussed and summarized in this research. The electrochemical performance and stability of the produced flexible electrodes will be compared. The factors contributing to the progress in the production of flexible lithium-ion batteries will also be discussed.


2021 ◽  
Vol 17 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tamara Al-Qudah ◽  
Sami H. Mahmood ◽  
Rund Abu-Zurayk ◽  
Rida Shibli ◽  
Aya Khalaf ◽  
...  

: Nanotechnology is one of the most important modern sciences that has integrated all sectors of science. Nanotechnology has been applied in the agricultural sector in the last ten years in pursuit of increasing agricultural production and ensuring food security. Plant biotechnology is an essential science that is concerned with plant production. The use of nanotechnology in plant biotechnology under controlled conditions has facilitated the understanding of important internal mechanisms of the plant biological system. The application of nanoparticles (NPs) in plant biotechnology has demonstrated an interesting impact on in vitro plant growth and development. This includes the positive effect of the NPs on micropropagation, callus induction, somatic embryogenesis, cell suspension culture, and plant disinfection. In addition, other biotechnology processes, including the genetic transformation of plants, plant conservation, and secondary metabolite production have improved by the use of NPs. Furthermore, nanotechnology is used to improve plant tolerance to different stress conditions that limit plant production. In this review article, we attempt to consolidate the achievements of nanotechnology and plant biotechnology and discuss advances in the applications of nanotechnology in plant biotechnology. It has been concluded that more research is needed to understand the mechanism of nanoparticle delivery and translocation in plants in order to avoid any future hazardous effects of nanomaterials. This will be key to the achievement of magnificent progress in plant nanobiotechnology.


2021 ◽  
Vol 17 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tessy López-Goerne ◽  
Gabriela de la Rosa-Gutiérrez ◽  
Francisco J. Padilla-Godínez ◽  
Jaime Bustos-Martínez ◽  
Susana López ◽  
...  

Background: The rapid mutation of the H1N1 strain of the Influenza virus makes it quite difficult to treat once the infection has spread. The development of new treatments based on the destabilization of the genetic material, regardless of the sequence, is necessary. Objective: The study aims to evaluate the antiviral properties of Pt/TiO2-SiO2 bionanocatalysts against Influenza A (H1N1) virus in a post-infection model and to characterize the morphology of the nanoparticles. Methods: The bionanocatalysts were synthesized by the sol-gel method. Electron Microscopy studies were performed to evaluate the grain size and morphology of pure nanoparticles. Madin-Darby Canine Kidney (MDCK) epithelial cells were infected with Influenza A (H1N1) virus. They were treated with 500 μL of three viral suspensions (1:50, 1:100, and 1:1000) and 500 μL of a nanoparticle suspension (2 ng/mL). The presence of the virus was identified by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) endpoint and the antiviral properties of the nanoparticles were identified in terms of infection reduction calculated by real-time PCR using Influenza A and H1N1 subtype primers. The percentage of infection reduction was calculated by comparing control samples and samples treated with the bionanocatalysts. Results: The Pt/TiO2-SiO2 bionanocatalysts showed highly surface-dispersed platinum nanoparticles with an average particle size of 1.23 ± 0.36 nm in the amorphous mixed oxide matrix. The nanoparticles showed antiviral properties with a maximum reduction in viral proliferation of 65.2 ± 3.3%. Conclusion: Pt/TiO2-SiO2 bionanocatalysts were able to reduce Influenza A (H1N1) viral infection 65.2 ± 3.3%; the results suggest the biocompatibility with healthy tissues and in vitro antiviral properties. Further studies should be conducted to identify the concentration required to achieve total virus clearance. However, the outcome of the present work suggests the possibility of implementing bionanocatalysts as treatments for Influenza A (H1N1) virus infection, especially at an advanced stage of infection.


2021 ◽  
Vol 17 ◽  
Author(s):  
Reena Jamunkar ◽  
Kamlesh Shrivas ◽  
Deepak Sinha ◽  
Sanyukta Patel ◽  
Monisha ◽  
...  

Background: Today, SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19), a viral disease caused by novel corona virus (a tiny crowned virus) has become one of threats for human being all over the world and caused the death of millions of people worldwide. For this pandemic, some vaccines have been developed in various countries and given to some people but still it seems difficult to cure all corona strains due to its ability to form new strains. So, it is necessary to have the knowledge about the structure of virus, mechanism of actions and their antiviral activities against the drugs and other functional materials. Method: AgNPs have unique physicochemical and antimicrobial properties. This review describes the structure and nature of virus, mechanism of action of antiviral drug such as silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) with virus. In addition, different methods for synthesis of AgNPs, application of AgNPs as an antiviral agent against influenza virus, Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1), hepatitis B virus (HBV), polio virus, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) are discussed. Also, most probable applications and properties of AgNPs which can help to prepare it as an antiviral agent are discussed. Results: The use of AgNPs against various viruses including corona virus family is found to be effective, so it can be considered for the development of antiviral agents, disinfectants, antiviral coated mask and their therapeutic use against the treatment of novel corona virus with minimum side effect and great efficiency. Conclusions: AgNPs was successfully used for the treatment of various viral diseases of corona virus family such as H1N1, H3N2 influenza even for SARS and MERS corona viruses, but there are some reports where researchers debated about the clinical trial or even clinical use for administration and inhalation of AgNPs for the various treatments. AgNPs coated masks, disinfectants, fabrics, wipes, inhalation systems are effective for inhibition of SARS-CoV-2. Since sanitizers have temporary effect, so the development of some other potential alternative having low toxicity, ease of use, long lasting efficiency, health cautious, minimum side effect, sustainable fabrics is required.


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