Employing Constant Rate Filtration To Assess Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient Washing Efficiency

Abstract. Hypothyroidism has been alleged to modulate insulin action and influence the secretion of growth hormone and catecholamines. We recently investigated the influence of hypothyroidism on glucose counterregulatory capacity and the hormonal responses to insulin-induced hypoglycaemia in 6 patients with primary hypothyroidism (age 32–52 years, TSH-values 66–200 mU/l). Hypoglycaemia was induced in the hypothyroid state and again when the subjects were euthyroid. After an overnight fast a constant rate infusion of insulin (2.4 U/h) was given for 4 h. Glucose was measured every 15 min and insulin, C-peptide, glucagon, epinephrine, norepinephrine, growth hormone and cortisol every 30 min for 5 h. During insulin infusion somewhat higher concentrations of the hormone were obtained in the hypothyroid state and simultaneously glucose levels were 0.5 mmol/l lower. As expected, basal norepinephrine levels were higher in hypothyroidism. However, no increase in circulating norepinephrine during hypoglycaemia was registered in the two experiments. The responses of counterregulatory hormones showed an enhanced response of cortisol, similar responses of growth hormone and epinephrine while the glucagon response was paradoxically impaired. Our findings suggest that hypothyroidism alters insulin metabolism, and that the glucagon response to hypoglycaemia is impaired in this condition.

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Recent Studies of Tire Braking Performance

Tire Science and Technology ◽

10.2346/1.2167159 ◽

1973 ◽

Vol 1 (2) ◽

pp. 121-137 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

J. L. McCarty ◽

T. J. W. Leland

Keyword(s):

Steady State ◽

Rapid Cycling ◽

Single Cycle ◽

Steering Angle ◽

Slip Ratio ◽

Factors Affecting ◽

Braking Performance ◽

Constant Rate

Abstract The results from recent studies of some factors affecting tire braking and cornering performance are presented together with a discussion of the possible application of these results to the design of aircraft braking systems. The first part of the paper is concerned with steady-state braking, that is, results from tests conducted at a constant slip ratio or steering angle or both. The second part deals with cyclic braking tests, both single cycle, where brakes are applied at a constant rate until wheel lockup is achieved, and rapid cycling of the brakes under control of a currently operational antiskid system.

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CARPENTER GLASS SEALING 52

Alloy Digest ◽

10.31399/asm.ad.fe0101 ◽

1993 ◽

Vol 42 (10) ◽

Keyword(s):

Thermal Expansion ◽

Physical Properties ◽

Tensile Properties ◽

Constant Rate

Abstract CARPENTER GLASS SEALING 52 alloy has a virtually constant rate of thermal expansion to 1050 F. This datasheet provides information on composition, physical properties, hardness, elasticity, and tensile properties. Filing Code: FE-101. Producer or source: Carpenter.

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Bioavailability and Bioequivalence Between Two Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient (API) Sources of Opicapone (OPC)

Case Medical Research ◽

10.31525/ct1-nct04265027 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Keyword(s):

Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient

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Topical Analgesic Formulations: Following the Transdermal Treatment Paradigm Only?

Journal of Clinical and Medical Research ◽

10.37191/mapsci-2582-4333-1(3)-017 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Jan M Keppel Hesselink

Keyword(s):

Ad Hoc ◽

Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient ◽

Mechanisms Of Action ◽

Onset Of Action ◽

Good Tolerability ◽

Short Commentary ◽

Topical Analgesics ◽

The Usa ◽

Treatment Paradigm ◽

Topical Analgesic

Topical analgesics are regarded as new inroads to treat peripheral neuropathic pain, with a number of advantages over oral treatments. Topical treatment reduces systemic induced side-effects and have good tolerability, without problems of misuse or abuse, or dependency. Furthermore, the onset of action is fast, mostly within 30 minutes. The mechanism of action of topical analgesics is either via transdermal delivery of the analgesic, or via intradermal mechanisms of action. In the latter case, plasma levels of analgesics in the blood are absent or very low. This perspective is missing in the approach of the ad hoc committee of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine in the USA, installed by the FDA. In this short commentary, we plead for a more comprehensive approach of topical analgesics, including those formulations which explicitly are not based on transdermal penetration of the active pharmaceutical ingredient, but on intradermal mechanisms of action.

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Comparative analysis of business models of top pharmaceutical manufacturing companies: fifi nancial analysis

Remedium Journal about the Russian market of medicines and medical equipment ◽

10.21518/1561-5936-2020-10-43-52 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 43-52

Author(s):

L.E. Yasinskaya ◽

Keyword(s):

Comparative Analysis ◽

Business Models ◽

Financial Analysis ◽

Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient ◽

Pharmaceutical Companies ◽

Manufacturing Companies ◽

Revenue Growth ◽

Commercial Activities ◽

Pharmaceutical Manufacturers ◽

Research Procedure

Introduction. Earlier, the comparative analysis of the commercial and investment activities of the companies that play the key roles in the investment processes in the Russian pharmaceutical industry and operate within the four main business models (biotechnological, generic, specialized pharmaceutical companies, active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) manufacturers) has been conducted. No full assessment of the companies’ activitiesis conceivable without a financial analysis of their activities to identify the risks of investment activities. Objective of the study. A detailed comparative analysis of the financial standing of domestic pharmaceutical manufacturers operating within the selected business models for further identification of potential financial risks for investors. Research procedure and article structure. Analysis of RAS statements (forms 1 and 2) of 72 over 500 million revenue companies grouped together as selected business models for the period from 2015 to 2019. Results. The researchers provided a detailed description of the commercial activities of domestic pharmaceutical companies within the business models under consideration. The companies within various business models showed positive revenue growth rates over the past five years. All business models demonstrate consistently high business profitability and a significant share of own capital in the asset profile. Conclusion. The results of the study show the stable financial standing of the pharmaceutical companies within various business models. The biotechnology sector companies that are the most attractive for investments have the highest quality financial standing. The specialized and generic companies show similar consistently strong performance. API manufacturers that the companies with relatively small revenues are actively developing and are attractive to restrained budget investors.

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Berberine nanoencapsulation attenuates hallmarks of scoplomine induced Alzheimer's-like disease in rats

Current Clinical Pharmacology ◽

10.2174/1574884715666200628112844 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 15 ◽

Author(s):

Samar R. Saleh ◽

Mariam M. Abady ◽

Mohammed Nofal ◽

Nashwa W. Yassa ◽

Mohamed S. Abdel-latif ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Oxidative Stress ◽

Histopathological Examination ◽

Memory Function ◽

Amyloid Β ◽

Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient ◽

Isoquinoline Alkaloid ◽

Drug Uptake ◽

Male Rats ◽

Morris Water Maze Test ◽

Neuroprotective Effects

Background: Berberine (BBR), an isoquinoline alkaloid, acts as a multipotent active pharmaceutical ingredient to counteract several types of dementia based on its numerous pharmacological actions including antioxidant, antiinflammatory, cholesterol-lowering effect, and inhibition of Aβ production and AChE. However, BBR suffers from poor absorption, bioavailability and brain drug uptake. The present study is directed for the formulation and characterization of Chitosan BBR-nanoparticles (BBR-NPs) as well as the estimation of its neuroprotective effects against scopolamine induced cognitive impairments. Methods: BBR-NPs were formulated using ionic gelation method and tripolyphosphate was chosen as a cross linker. Nanoparticles size, zeta potential, encapsulation efficiency and releasing profile were estimated. To investigate the neuroprotective effects, adult fifty six Wistar male rats were randomly distributed into: three control groups, received saline, polyethylene glycol or chitosan- NPs respectively; induced group, received scopolamine (2 mg/ kg, i.p.) and three treated groups were orally administrated BBR (50 mg/ kg), BBR- NP (7 mg/ kg) and donepezil (2.25 mg/ kg, as positive control) followed by scopolamine injection after 40 min, daily for 4 weeks. Morris water maze test, oxidative stress parameters, cholinergic and amyloid-β processing intermediates as well as neuroplasticity markers and histopathological examination were assessed. Results: Our results showed that BBR- NPs were better than BBR and donepezil as BBR- NPs were powerful inhibitory ligands toward AChE and Aβ42 formation and significantly down regulated Tau, iNOS and BACE gene expression in rats’ hippocampus. BBR-NPs administration, at 1/6 of BBR therapeutic recommended dose, significantly improved learning and memory function. This could be accredited to the diminution of oxidative stress and amyloid-β toxicity in addition to the improvement of the neuroplasticity markers. Conclusions: The enhancing effect of BBR- NPs could be related to the enhancing of its bioavailability, absorption and brain drug uptake which need more investigation in future work.

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