Cyberspace Chat: An Examination of Brand-Name vs Generic Finasteride: A look at Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient (API), Excipients, Bioequivalence, and Other Factors Affecting Efficacy

2016 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 18-21
Author(s):  
Bradley R. Wolf
Keyword(s):  
Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient ◽  
Brand Name ◽  
Factors Affecting

scholarly journals Blend Segregation in Tablets Manufacturing and Its Effect on Drug Content Uniformity—A Review

Pharmaceutics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (11) ◽  
pp. 1909
Author(s):  
Emilia Jakubowska ◽  
Natalia Ciepluch
Keyword(s):  
Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient ◽  
Content Uniformity ◽  
Continuous Manufacturing ◽  
Compression Process ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Die Filling ◽  
Drug Potency ◽  
Tablet Press ◽  
Tablet Manufacturing ◽  
Processing Factors

Content uniformity (CU) of the active pharmaceutical ingredient is a critical quality attribute of tablets as a dosage form, ensuring reproducible drug potency. Failure to meet the accepted uniformity in the final product may be caused either by suboptimal mixing and insufficient initial blend homogeneity, or may result from further particle segregation during storage, transfer or the compression process itself. This review presents the most relevant powder segregation mechanisms in tablet manufacturing and summarizes the currently available, up-to-date research on segregation and uniformity loss at the various stages of production process—the blend transfer from the bulk container to the tablet press, filling and discharge from the feeding hopper, as well as die filling. Formulation and processing factors affecting the occurrence of segregation and tablets’ CU are reviewed and recommendations for minimizing the risk of content uniformity failure in tablets are considered herein, including the perspective of continuous manufacturing.

scholarly journals Hedonic Retail Beef and Pork Product Prices

2007 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-46 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph L. Parcell ◽  
T.C. Schroeder
Keyword(s):  
Grocery Stores ◽  
Pork Meat ◽  
Hedonic Models ◽  
Store Brands ◽  
Brand Name ◽  
Product Size ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Beef Meat ◽  
Pork Product

Consumer-level hedonic models are estimated to determine factors affecting retail pork and beef meat cuts. Results indicate that brand premium and discount varies across private, national, and store brands and that brand premium varies across meat cuts carrying the same brand name. Product size discounts are linear for beef and nonlinear for pork, meat items on sale are significantly discounted to nonsale items, specialty stores typically will not garner higher prices than supermarket/grocery stores, and warehouse stores typically have premium prices relative to supermarket/grocery stores.

scholarly journals A Study of Purchase Intention on Smartphones of Post 90s in Hong Kong

2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (6) ◽  
pp. 78
Author(s):  
Anthony Tik-Tsuen Wong
Keyword(s):  
Hong Kong ◽  
Social Influence ◽  
Quantitative Study ◽  
Purchase Intention ◽  
The Other ◽  
Brand Name ◽  
Online Questionnaire ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
New Model ◽  
The Relationship

Nowadays, people are willing to purchase their own smartphone and they heavily rely on their smartphone. In this case, smartphones have become the daily necessity among Hong Kong people. Also, nowadays Hong Kong people always look for the new model of smartphones, the trend of changing smartphones is still very strong. The purpose of this research is to study the factors affecting the purchase intention of smartphones of post 90s in Hong Kong. After reviewing the literature, this study chose three variables to study the relationship between brand name, price and social influence and purchase intention. An online questionnaire was adopted to carry out a quantitative study of post 90s in Hong Kong. The content of the survey included demographic factors and questions based on each variable. The result of the survey shows that there are two hypotheses are support in the study. One is the relationship between brand name and purchase intention and the other is relationship between social influence and purchase intention whilst price is not a significant factor influencing purchase intention. Therefore, it is strongly believe that management of smartphone producers and traders need to pay more attention to brand name and social influence in enhancing the purchase intention among post 90s in Hong Kong.

scholarly journals Factors Affecting Pouch Milk Purchase in Kathmandu

2019 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 81-90
Author(s):  
Sajeeb Kumar Shrestha
Keyword(s):  
Regression Analysis ◽  
Correlation Analysis ◽  
Sampling Method ◽  
Household Consumption ◽  
Descriptive Statistics ◽  
Purchase Decision ◽  
Brand Name ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Convenience Sampling ◽  
Positivist Approach

This research attempts to measure factors affecting pouch milk purchase in Nepalese context. Positivist approach was used and descriptive and causal study was designed. Questionnaire survey was done and structured questionnaires were designed to collect data. Subjects of the study were respondents who purchase pouch milk regularly for household consumption. 200 samples were taken based on convenience sampling method. Data were analyzed thoroughly by reliability analysis, descriptive statistics, correlation analysis and regression analysis. The research confirmed quality and brand name had influence on pouch milk purchase decision. No support was found for price, availability and promotion in pouch milk purchase context.

scholarly journals Implementation of the Quality by Design approach for developing the composition and the manufacturing technology of an injectable drug for intra-articular introduction

2021 ◽  
pp. 28-37
Author(s):  
O. Saliy ◽  
O. Los ◽  
T. Palchevska ◽  
K. Nebylytsia
Keyword(s):  
Quality Indicators ◽  
Quality By Design ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient ◽  
Number System ◽  
Manufacturing Technology ◽  
Solution Temperature ◽  
Critical Material ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Injectable Drug

Aim. To implement the Quality by Design (QbD) approach in order to develop the composition and the manufacturing technology of injectable hyaluronate sodium (HS) in combination with chondroitin sulfate (CS) for intra-articularintroduction. Materials and methods. The composition of the solution for injection was developed using samples of the active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) of HS and CS. The approaches of the ICH international guidelines were used to create the QbD protocol. The quality target product profile (QTPP) was developed based on the literature review, analysis of similar drugs and the previous in-house experimental studies. Determination of critical quality assessment (CQA) product indicators was performed by risk analysis for all quality indicators listed in QTPP. The risk assessment of quality indicators was performed by assessing them according to the Risk Priority Number system (hereinafter – RPN) by a 9-point scale. When studying the composition and the manufacturing technology of the injectable solution the quality risk management (QRM) was developed according to the Ishikawa diagram. Results and discussion. It has been found that the QbD concept is a systematic approach to the drug development. At the first stage QTPP was developed. Based on the QTPP data the CQA indicators were determined, and quality risks were assessed. The critical process parameters (CPP) of the solution for injection based on HS and CS, their control methods, as well as the critical material attributes (CMA) were determined. Based on the data obtained the drug control strategy was proposed taking into account the need to minimize the repetition of control experiments. Using the Isikawa diagram the variability of the material and the process with the environmental factors affecting the qualityof the solution for injection with HS and CS was shown.Conclusions. Using the basic QbD approaches when developing the composition and the manufacturing technology of an injectable drug for intra-articular introduction it has been found that the route of administration, dose, potency, and consumer properties of the product are important aspects of QTPP. It has been proven that the quality indicators, such as transparency, viscosity, sterility and the quantitative content of API are determined as CQA to achieve the objectives defined in QTPP. The study shows that almost all stages of production are critical, therefore, they need to be constantly monitored and checked to obtain a quality product. In further experimental studies to confirm the composition developed and the manufacturing technology according to QRM it is necessary to focus on such indicators as the solution temperature, stabilization time, degassing mode and filtration conditions.

scholarly journals Crystallization Solvent Design Based on a New Quantitative Control Model of Crystal Morphology

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shiyang Chai ◽  
Enhui Li ◽  
Lei Zhang ◽  
Jian Du ◽  
Qingwei Meng
Keyword(s):  
Crystal Morphology ◽  
Molecular Design ◽  
Quantitative Relationship ◽  
Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient ◽  
Control Model ◽  
Mixed Integer ◽  
Separation Unit ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Solvent Design ◽  
Minlp Model

Solution crystallization is an important separation unit operation in active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) production. Solvent is one of the important factors affecting crystal morphology. How to select/design suitable crystallization solvents is still one of the most urgent problems in the crystallization field. In this paper, a framework for crystallization solvent design based on the developed quantitative control model of crystal morphology is proposed. First, molecular dynamics is used to predict the crystal morphology in solvents. Next, nine solvent descriptors are selected. Then, the quantitative relationship between crystal aspect ratio and solvent descriptors is developed. Subsequently, Computer-Aided Molecular Design (CAMD) method is integrated with the developed quantitative control model. The crystallization solvent design problem is expressed as a Mixed-Integer Non-Linear Programming (MINLP) model, which is solved by the decomposition algorithm. Finally, the crystallization solvent design framework is applied to two cases: benzoic acid and ibuprofen, and experimental verification is implemented.

Identifying Key Important Factors Affecting Consumer Purchase Behaviour On Luxury Brand Through the Use of Instagram

2020 ◽  
pp. 89-109
Author(s):  
Pankarn Panachuenvongsak ◽  
Olusoyi Richard Ashaye
Keyword(s):  
Social Media ◽  
Consumer Behaviour ◽  
Online Shopping ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Brand Name ◽  
Key Factors ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Online Consumer ◽  
Use Of Social Media ◽  
Online Consumer Behaviour

Purchasing via the internet is one of the most rapidly growing forms of shopping, which has overcome traditional retailing since late 1998. In this chapter, factors related to online and social media shopping and the benefits of using social media will be discussed. Instagram application, tendency of using brand name, online consumer behaviour, and Thai consumer behaviour towards the use of social media will also be illustrated to review what the key factors important in online shopping mentioned in previous research are.

scholarly journals Harvesting Crowdsourcing Platforms’ Traffic in Favour of Air Forwarders’ Brand Name and Sustainability

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (15) ◽  
pp. 8222
Author(s):  
Damianos P. Sakas ◽  
Nikolaos Th. Giannakopoulos
Keyword(s):  
Data Analytics ◽  
Cognitive Mapping ◽  
Brand Name ◽  
Web Data ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Agent Based ◽  
Data Prediction ◽  
Last Stage ◽  
Prediction And Simulation ◽  
Exploratory Model

In the modern digitalised era, the total number of businesses and organisations utilising crowdsourcing services has risen, leading to an increase of their website traffic. In this way, there is plenty of space for marketers and strategists to capitalise big data from both their own and the crowdsourcer’s websites. This can lead to a comprehension of factors affecting their brand name, sustainability (gross profit) and consequently visitor influence. The first of the three staged contexts, based on web data, includes the retrieval of web data analytics and metrics from five air forwarding and five crowdsourcing websites in 210 observation days. At stage two, we deployed a diagnostic-exploratory model, through Fuzzy Cognitive Mapping (FCM), and in the last stage, an Agent-Based Model is deployed for data prediction and simulation. We concluded that crowdsourcing referral traffic increases air forwarders’ top 3 keywords volume, and decreases social traffic and total keywords volume, which then boosts their global web rank and gross profit. The exact opposite results occur with crowdsourcing search traffic. To sum up, the contribution of this paper is to offer realistic and well-informed insights to marketers about SEO and SEM strategies for brand name and profit enhancement, based on harvesting crowdsourcing platform traffic.

scholarly journals Hydrogen-bonding synthons in lamotrigine salts: 3,5-diamino-6-(2,3-dichlorophenyl)-1,2,4-triazin-2-ium 2-[(2-carboxyphenyl)disulfanyl]benzoate in its monohydrate and anhydrous forms

2016 ◽  
Vol 72 (11) ◽  
pp. 910-916 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eleonora Freire ◽  
Griselda Polla ◽  
Ricardo Baggio
Keyword(s):  
Hydrogen Bonding ◽  
Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient ◽  
The Other ◽  
Free Form ◽  
Brand Name ◽  
Solvent Water ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Donor And Acceptor ◽  
The Many ◽  
Poor Absorption

Lamotrigine is a drug used in the treatment of epilepsy and related convulsive diseases. The drug in its free form is rather inadequate for pharmacological use due to poor absorption by the patient, which limits its bioavailability. On the other hand, the lamotrigine molecule is an excellent hydrogen-bonding agent and this has been exploited intensively in the search for better formulations. The formulation presently commercialized (under the brand name Lamictal) is rather complex and includes a number of anions in addition to the active pharmaceutical ingredient (API). The title salts of lamotrigine, namely 3,5-diamino-6-(2,3-dichlorophenyl)-1,2,4-triazin-2-ium 2-[(2-carboxyphenyl)disulfanyl]benzoate monohydrate, C9H8Cl2N5+·C14H9O4S2−·H2O, (I), and the anhydrate, C9H8Cl2N5+·C14H9O4S2−, (II), contain a lamotriginium cation (L), a hydrogen dithiodibenzoate monoanion (D) and, in the case of (I), a disordered solvent water molecule. BothLandDpresent their usual configurations severely twisted around their central C—C and S—S bonds, respectively. The supramolecular structure generated by the many available donor and acceptor sites is characterized by a planar antisymmetric motif of the formD–L–L–D,i.e.the structural building block. Although this characteristic motif is extremely similar in both structures, its conformation involves different donors and acceptors in itsR22(8) centralL–Lhomosynthon. The lateralR22(8)D–Lheterosynthons are, on the other hand, identical. These substructures are further connected by strong hydrogen bonds into broad two-dimensional structures, in turn weakly linked to each other. Even if the homo- and heterosynthons in (I) and (II) are rather frequent in lamotrigine structural chemistry, the composite tetrameric synthon appears to be much less common. The occurrence of these motifs among lamotrigine salts and cocrystals is analyzed.

scholarly journals Perception among the Employees of Bank towards the Bancassurance in Nepal

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 71-80
Author(s):  
Urmila Joshi
Keyword(s):  
Product Design ◽  
Present Status ◽  
Negative Relationship ◽  
Distribution Channel ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Brand Name ◽  
Consumer Awareness ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Major Factors ◽  
Retail Banks

The study aims to explore the perception of employees working in banking industry and investigates the problems and prospects of bancassurance in Nepal. Quantitative data have been collected from 100 employees working in 20 commercial banks using structured questionnaire. Product design, customer awareness, brand name, distribution channel and awareness of retail banks are considered as independent variables whereas present status of bancassurance is taken as dependent variable in the study. Both descriptive and inferential statistical tools have been applied to analyse the data. The result reveals that there is a positive relation between product design and brand name with present status of bancassurance in Nepal. This means that better the products lead to success of Bancassurance. The results also reveal negative relationship between present status of Bancassurance and consumer awareness, awareness of retail banks and distribution channel. The study concludes that product design and brand name are the major factors affecting current bancassurance status whereas consumer awareness, awareness of retail banks and distribution channel do not affect on current status of bancassurance.

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