In Vitro Bacterial Adhesion and Biofilm Formation on Fully Absorbable Poly-4-hydroxybutyrate and Nonabsorbable Polypropylene Pelvic Floor Implants

(1) Background: Due to the commonness of tracheotomy procedures and the wide use of biomaterials in the form of tracheostomy tubes (TTs), the problem of biomaterial-associated infections (BAIs) is growing. Bacterial colonization of TTs results in the development of biofilms on the surface of biomaterials, which may contribute to the development of invasive infections in tracheostomized patients. (2) Methods: Clinical strains of K. pneumoniae, isolated from TTs, were characterized according to their ability to form biofilms, as well as their resistance to antibiotics, whether they harbored ESβL genes, the presence of selected virulence factors and genetic diversity. (3) Results: From 53 patients, K. pneumoniae were detected in 18 of the TTs examined, which constitued 34% of all analyzed biomaterials. Three of the strains (11%) were ESβL producers and all had genes encoding CTX-M-1, SHV and TEM enzymes. 44.4% of isolates were biofilm formers, SEM demonstrating that K. pneumoniae formed differential biofilms on the surface of polyethylene (PE) and polyvinyl chloride (PVC) TTs in vitro. A large range of variation in the share of fimbrial genes was observed. PFGE revealed sixteen genetically distinct profiles. (4) Conclusions: Proven susceptibility of TT biomaterials to colonization by K. pneumoniae means that the attention of research groups should be focused on achieving a better understanding of the bacterial pathogens that form biofilms on the surfaces of TTs. In addition, research efforts should be directed at the development of new biomaterials or the modification of existing materials, in order to prevent bacterial adhesion to their surfaces.

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An In-Vitro Evaluation of Microbial Adhesion on Different Types of Orthodontic Brackets

JOURNAL FOR CLINICAL AND DIAGNOSTIC RESEARCH ◽

10.7860/jcdr/2021/29808.14959 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Vedant Patni ◽

Kuldeep Dmello ◽

Jitesh Wadhwa ◽

Mora Sathi Rami Reddy ◽

Atul Singh

Keyword(s):

Bacterial Adhesion ◽

Biofilm Formation ◽

Artificial Saliva ◽

Bacterial Species ◽

Brain Heart Infusion ◽

In Vitro Study ◽

The Self ◽

Orthodontic Brackets ◽

Ceramic Brackets

Introduction: Information regarding the adhesion of bacterial species and plaque accumulation to bracket material is limited. Adequate information is needed in order to offer patients orthodontic treatment without significantly increasing their risk of developing white spots, caries, or gingival inflammation. Aim: To determine the levels of the caries-inducing S. mutans species on metallic, self-ligating and ceramic brackets and to compare the total bacterial counts and counts of species present on these bracket materials. Materials and Methods: By means of an in-vitro study, six commercially available bracket systems {3M Gemini (A), American Ortho (B), Ormco (C), Begg (D), Ceramic (E) and Self-ligating (F)} were compared. The brackets were bonded in the cell well culture plate and the agar plates were prepared. Brain heart infusion medium including bacteria and artificial saliva was introduced to each bracket system containing 10 premolar brackets and were incubated. After 72 hours, the adherent bacteria were then detached by sonication and the Colony-Forming Units (CFU) of Streptococcus mutans were calculated on each bracket and were analysed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) software version 17.0 for Windows. Results: Between the different bracket types, significant differences were found in terms of biofilm formation. The Begg brackets showed the least bacterial adhesion and the self-ligating brackets showed the highest bacterial adhesion and was statistically significant among all the groups (p<0.05). Ceramic brackets also showed a higher bacterial adhesion after the self-ligating brackets. Among the three groups of metallic brackets, 3M brackets showed the least bacterial adhesion but was statistically insignificant (p>0.05). Conclusion: Different orthodontic brackets serve as different loci for biofilm formation showing that the Begg brackets are the most hygienic among all the brackets taken in this study.

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Does Finishing and Polishing of Restorative Materials Affect Bacterial Adhesion and Biofilm Formation? A Systematic Review

Operative Dentistry ◽

10.2341/17-073-l ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 43 (1) ◽

pp. E37-E52 ◽

Cited By ~ 20

Author(s):

DAM Dutra ◽

GKR Pereira ◽

KZ Kantorski ◽

LF Valandro ◽

FB Zanatta

Keyword(s):

Systematic Review ◽

Bacterial Adhesion ◽

Biofilm Formation ◽

Surface Characteristics ◽

Periodontal Inflammation ◽

Restorative Materials ◽

The Impact

SUMMARY Biofilm (bacterial plaque) accumulation on the surface of restorative materials favors the occurrence of secondary caries and periodontal inflammation. Surface characteristics of restorations can be modified by finishing and/or polishing procedures and may affect bacterial adhesion. The aim of this systematic review was to characterize how finishing and polishing methods affect the surface properties of different restorative materials with regard to bacterial adhesion and biofilm formation. Searches were carried out in MEDLINE-PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane-CENTRAL, and LILACS databases. From 2882 potential articles found in the initial searches, only 18 met the eligible criteria and were included in this review (12 with in vitro design, four with in situ design, and two clinical trials). However, they presented high heterogeneity regarding materials considered and methodology for evaluating the desired outcome. Risk bias analysis showed that only two studies presented low risk (whereas 11 showed high and five showed medium risk). Thus, only descriptive analyses considering study design, materials, intervention (finishing/polishing), surface characteristics (roughness and surface free energy), and protocol for biofilm formation (bacterial adhesion) could be performed. Some conclusions could be drawn: the impact of roughness on bacterial adhesion seems to be related not to a roughness threshold (as previously believed) but rather to a range, the range of surface roughness among different polishing methods is wide and material dependent, finishing invariably creates a rougher surface and should always be followed by a polishing method, each dental material requires its own treatment modality to obtain and maintain as smooth a surface as possible, and in vitro designs do not seem to be powerful tools to draw relevant conclusions, so in vivo and in situ designs become strongly recommended.

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Comparison of bacterial adhesion and biofilm formation on zirconia fabricated by two different approaches: an in vitro and in vivo study

Advances in Applied Ceramics ◽

10.1080/17436753.2019.1710951 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 119 (5-6) ◽

pp. 323-331

Author(s):

Liyu Chen ◽

Shuang Yang ◽

Pei Yu ◽

Jincheng Wu ◽

Hongbing Guan ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Bacterial Adhesion ◽

Biofilm Formation ◽

In Vivo Study

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2-Methacryloyloxyethyl Phosphorylcholine Polymer Coating Inhibits Bacterial Adhesion and Biofilm Formation on a Suture: An In Vitro and In Vivo Study

BioMed Research International ◽

10.1155/2020/5639651 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 2020 ◽

pp. 1-8

Author(s):

Taizo Kaneko ◽

Taku Saito ◽

Takeo Shobuike ◽

Hiroshi Miyamoto ◽

Junpei Matsuda ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Staphylococcus Aureus ◽

Medical Devices ◽

Bacterial Adhesion ◽

Biofilm Formation ◽

Butyl Methacrylate ◽

Bacterial Suspension ◽

Adhesion Test ◽

Planktonic Bacteria

Initial bacterial adhesion to medical devices and subsequent biofilm formation are known as the leading causes of surgical site infection (SSI). Therefore, inhibition of bacterial adhesion and biofilm formation on the surface of medical devices can reduce the risk of SSIs. In this study, a highly hydrophilic, antibiofouling surface was prepared by coating the bioabsorbable suture surface with poly(2-methacryloyloxyethyl phosphorylcholine (MPC)-co-n-butyl methacrylate) (PMB). The PMB-coated and noncoated sutures exhibited similar mechanical strength and surface morphology. The effectiveness of the PMB coating on the suture to suppress adhesion and biofilm formation of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus was investigated both in vitro and in vivo. The bacterial adhesion test revealed that PMB coating significantly reduced the number of adherent bacteria, with no difference in the number of planktonic bacteria. Moreover, fluorescence microscopy and scanning electron microscopy observations of adherent bacteria on the suture surface after contact with bacterial suspension confirmed PMB coating-mediated inhibition of biofilm formation. Additionally, we found that the PMB-coated sutures exhibited significant antibiofouling effects in vivo. In conclusion, PMB-coated sutures demonstrated bacteriostatic effects associated with a highly hydrophilic, antibiofouling surface and inhibited bacterial adhesion and biofilm formation. Therefore, PMB-coated sutures could be a new alternative to reduce the risk of SSIs.

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In-vitro Evaluation of Chitosan - Hydroxyapatite Nanocomposite Scaffolds as Bone Substitutes with Antibiofilm Properties

Journal of Pure and Applied Microbiology ◽

10.22207/jpam.15.3.39 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Anuj Nishanth Lipton ◽

Aifa Fathima ◽

S.G.P. Vincent

Keyword(s):

Bacterial Adhesion ◽

Biofilm Formation ◽

Bone Substitutes ◽

Bone Transplantation ◽

Sem Images ◽

Chitosan Matrix ◽

Uptake Studies ◽

Nanocomposite Scaffolds ◽

Porosity Measurements

An opaque, white chitosan/ Hydroxyapatite nanocomposite was prepared by a simple blend method. Morphology, pore size and dispersion of nano-hydroxyapatite in chitosan matrix were visualized using SEM images. The FTIR and SEM with EDX analysis confirmed the bony apatite layer was formed on the outside of the composite. Porosity measurements and water uptake studies of the nanocomposite were evaluated which revealed the maximum porosity of 80% to 92% in the chitosan: hydroxyapatite nanocomposite at the ratio of 20:80. The results also showed that water absorption ability was inversely proportional to the hydroxyapatite present in the nanocomposite. The porosity of prepared nanocomposite was corresponding to the cancellous bone porosity of 50% to 90% suggesting possible applications in bone transplantation. The nanocomposite exhibited antibacterial activity towards the tested Gram-negative and Gram-positive species of bacteria and reduced the bacterial adhesion in biofilm formation.

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A comparison of bacterial adhesion and biofilm formation on commonly used orthopaedic metal implant materials: An In vitro study

Indian Journal of Orthopaedics ◽

10.4103/ortho.ijortho_66_18 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 53 (1) ◽

pp. 148 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Benu Dhawan ◽

Rajesh Malhotra ◽

Bhavuk Garg ◽

Vivek Shankar ◽

TapasChandra Nag

Keyword(s):

Bacterial Adhesion ◽

Biofilm Formation ◽

In Vitro Study ◽

Vitro Study ◽

Metal Implant ◽

Implant Materials

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Structural, Surface, in vitro Bacterial Adhesion and Biofilm Formation Analysis of Three Dental Restorative Composites

Materials ◽

10.3390/ma8063221 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 8 (6) ◽

pp. 3221-3237 ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

Maria Azam ◽

Abdul Khan ◽

Danish Muzzafar ◽

Rani Faryal ◽

Saadat Siddiqi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Bacterial Adhesion ◽

Biofilm Formation ◽

Structural Surface ◽

Restorative Composites ◽

Dental Restorative ◽

Dental Restorative Composites

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The Impact of Incorporating Antimicrobials into Implant Surfaces

Journal of Dental Research ◽

10.1177/0022034517731768 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 97 (1) ◽

pp. 14-22 ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

N.J. Hickok ◽

I.M. Shapiro ◽

A.F. Chen

Keyword(s):

Antimicrobial Activity ◽

Bacterial Adhesion ◽

Biofilm Formation ◽

Antimicrobial Properties ◽

Joint Replacements ◽

Structured Surfaces ◽

Antimicrobial Surfaces ◽

The Impact

With the increase in numbers of joint replacements, spinal surgeries, and dental implantations, there is an urgent need to combat implant-associated infection. In addition to stringent sterile techniques, an efficacious way to prevent this destructive complication is to create new implants with antimicrobial properties. Specifically, these implants must be active in the dental implant environment where the implant is bathed in the glycoprotein-rich salivary fluids that enhance bacterial adhesion, and propagation, and biofilm formation. However, in designing an antimicrobial surface, a balance must be struck between antimicrobial activity and the need for the implant to interact with the bone environment. Three types of surfaces have been designed to combat biofilm formation, while attempting to maintain osseous interactions: 1) structured surfaces where topography, usually at the nanoscale, decreases bacterial adhesion sufficiently to retard establishment of infection; 2) surfaces that actively elute antimicrobials to avert bacterial adhesion and promote killing; and 3) surfaces containing permanently bonded agents that generate antimicrobial surfaces that prevent long-term bacterial adhesion. Both topographical and elution surfaces exhibit varying, albeit limited, antimicrobial activity in vitro. With respect to covalent coupling, we present studies on the ability of the permanent antimicrobial surfaces to kill organisms while fostering osseointegration. All approaches have significant drawbacks with respect to stability and efficacy, but the permanent surfaces may have an edge in creating a long-term antibacterial environment.

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