Assessing Flow Rate and Nominal Pore Diameter as Parameters for Predicting the Removal of Microorganisms by Ceramic Water Filters

Ceramic water filters (CWFs) are utilized in many developing countries as point-of-use (POU) water treatment devices, to reduce waterborne pathogens in potable water. Virus removal efficiencies of several CWFs are investigated under various influent conditions using MS2 (ATCC: 15597-B1) as a surrogate phage for human enteric viruses. The addition of bentonite turbidity (6–8 NTU) in the influent source water showed increased viral removal efficiency of CWFs by 0.1–0.2 log compared to tests involving clear (<1 NTU) influents. Trials employing an applied clay cake layer, formed using highly turbid influent source water (100 NTU) and no cleaning regime between trials, resulted in viral removal efficiency values of 1.5–2.5 log, compared to 0.2–0.5 log during non-obstructed trials.

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Performance of black ceramic water filters and their implementation in rural Ecuador

Journal of Water Sanitation and Hygiene for Development ◽

10.2166/washdev.2019.185 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 9 (4) ◽

pp. 694-702 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Laura Guerrero-Latorre ◽

Priscila Balseca-Enriquez ◽

Carlos Moyota-Tello ◽

Ronald Bravo-Camino ◽

Stephanie Davila-Chavez ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Water Quality ◽

Water Treatment ◽

New Technology ◽

Classical Model ◽

International Standards ◽

Household Water Treatment ◽

Household Level ◽

Ceramic Water Filters ◽

Field Level ◽

Water Filters

Abstract In rural Ecuador, microbial water contamination is associated with child morbidity mainly due to gastroenteritis. Black ceramic water filters (BCWF) are a new household water treatment recently developed to improve microbial removal from the classical model implemented worldwide. This study has assessed BCWF microbial performance at laboratory level by continuous filtering of spiked water with microbial surrogates (Escherichia coli and MS2 bacteriophage) and highly contaminated surface water to evaluate physicochemical pollutants' removal. At field level, baseline studies in Nanegal and Gualea districts have been performed to evaluate water quality and hygiene practices among communities and a six-month BCWF field implementation study in the Santa Marianita community. Results revealed poor drinking water quality in communities studied. Water treatment practices at household level were reported in low percentages. Conversely, results in BCWF filter assays at laboratory level for 600 litres of usage have shown 5.36 logarithms of bacterial removal and 3.83 logarithms for viral removal and significant reductions of physicochemical pollutants considering international standards. BCWF implementation in the Santa Marianita community reveals promising results on microbial water quality in households using this new technology. However, it is important to reinforce correct BCWF maintenance for better performance at field level.

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Development of improved low-cost ceramic water filters for viral removal in the Haitian context

Journal of Water Sanitation and Hygiene for Development ◽

10.2166/washdev.2014.121 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 5 (1) ◽

pp. 28-38 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

L. Guerrero-Latorre ◽

M. Rusiñol ◽

A. Hundesa ◽

M. Garcia-Valles ◽

S. Martinez ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Low Income ◽

Low Cost ◽

World Health ◽

Low Income Countries ◽

Virus Removal ◽

Ceramic Water Filters ◽

Removal Efficiencies ◽

Reductive Atmosphere ◽

Health Organization ◽

Water Filters

Household-based water treatment (HWT) is increasingly being promoted to improve water quality and, therefore, health status in low-income countries. Ceramic water filters (CWFs) are used in many regions as sustainable HWT and have been proven to meet World Health Organization (WHO) microbiological performance targets for bacterial removal (2–4 log); however, the described viral removal efficiencies are insufficient to significantly reduce the associated risk of viral infection. With the objective of improving the viral removal efficiencies of ceramic water filters, new prototypes with different oxide compositions and firing atmospheres have been developed and evaluated. For removal efficiencies human adenoviruses, MS2 bacteriophage and Escherichia coli were quantified in all prototypes. A new model of CWF that was fired in a reductive atmosphere presented virus and bacteria removal efficiencies greater than 3.0 log and 2.5 log, respectively, which would fulfill the viral targets that are recommended by the WHO. Ceramic characterization of the selected filters, which were fired in a reductive atmosphere, showed that a larger specific surface area than those of control filters and higher fraction of a positive Z-potential fraction are the most likely explanations for this increase in virus removal.

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Impact of chlorination on silver elution from ceramic water filters

Water Research ◽

10.1016/j.watres.2018.06.008 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 142 ◽

pp. 471-479 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Bonnie A. Lyon-Marion ◽

Anjuliee M. Mittelman ◽

Justine Rayner ◽

Daniele S. Lantagne ◽

Kurt D. Pennell

Keyword(s):

Ceramic Water Filters ◽

Water Filters

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Assessment of the quality, effectiveness, and acceptability of ceramic water filters in Tanzania

Journal of Water Sanitation and Hygiene for Development ◽

10.2166/washdev.2016.006 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 6 (2) ◽

pp. 195-204 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Ansley Lemons ◽

Ariel Branz ◽

Mesiaki Kimirei ◽

Tracy Hawkins ◽

Daniele Lantagne

Keyword(s):

Flow Rate ◽

Mixed Methods Research ◽

Diarrheal Disease ◽

Group Discussions ◽

Household Water Treatment ◽

Ceramic Filters ◽

E Coli ◽

Ceramic Water Filters ◽

Household Water

Globally, approximately two billion people drink contaminated water. Use of household water treatment (HWT) methods, such as locally manufactured ceramic filters, reduces the diarrheal disease burden associated with unclean water. We evaluated the quality, effectiveness, and acceptability of ceramic filters in two communities in Arusha, Tanzania, by conducting: 1) baseline household surveys with 50 families; 2) filter flow rate testing; 3) filter distribution with training sessions; 4) follow-up surveys at 2, 4, and 6 weeks after distribution; and 5) project end focus group discussions. We tested Escherichia coli (E. coli) and turbidity at baseline and the first two follow-ups. We found: 1) filter quality was low, as only 46% of filters met recommended flow rate guidelines and 18% of filters broke during the 6-week study; 2) filter effectiveness was moderate, with 8% and 35% of filters effectively reducing E. coli to <1 CFU/100 mL and <10 CFU/100 mL, respectively, at follow-ups; and, 3) filter acceptability was high, with 94% overall satisfaction and 96–100% reported use in the previous day. These results highlight the importance of mixed methods research as HWT product quality, effectiveness, and acceptability all impact product efficacy, and the need for quality assurance/quality control and certification schemes for locally manufactured HWT products.

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Simulation and Experimental Study of a Porous Electroosmotic Pump

Key Engineering Materials ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.483.320 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 483 ◽

pp. 320-326 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Zhou Ling ◽

Tao Yang ◽

Fan Chao Meng ◽

Lin Yi ◽

Xiang Xian Zhang

Keyword(s):

Porous Media ◽

Flow Rate ◽

Pore Diameter ◽

Maximum Flow ◽

Joule Heat ◽

Maximum Pressure ◽

Electrical Field ◽

Electroosmotic Pump ◽

The Mathematical Model ◽

Truncated Gaussian

Aiming at the coupling problems of electrical field and flow field in porous media microchannels, the mathematical model of electroosmotic(EO) flow is built. For a single microchannel, the influence of voltage on velocity and joule heat is analyzed by using CoventorWare. Numerical analysis shows that the velocity is proportional to the voltage and the joule heat is small and negligible. For the porous media, the flow rate is investigated by truncated Gaussian distribution of pore diameter. The electroosmotic microporous pump is fabricated, and the experimental results indicate that the maximum flow rate of porous media micropump is 16.89ml/min and the maximum pressure is 120.1kPa.

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Effect of orifice diameter, depth of air injection, and air flow rate on oxygen transfer in a pilot-scale, full lift, hypolimnetic aeratorA paper submitted to the Journal of Environmental Engineering and Science.

Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering ◽

10.1139/s08-047 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 36 (1) ◽

pp. 137-147 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

K.I. Ashley ◽

D.S. Mavinic ◽

K.J. Hall

Keyword(s):

Flow Rate ◽

Oxygen Transfer ◽

Gas Flow ◽

Pore Diameter ◽

Oxygen Transfer Rate ◽

Pilot Scale ◽

Orifice Diameter ◽

Transfer Rates ◽

Oxygen Transfer Efficiency ◽

Design Factors

A pilot-scale, full lift, hypolimnetic aerator was used to examine the effect of diffuser pore diameter, depth of diffuser submergence, and gas flow rate on oxygen transfer, using four standard units of measure for quantifying oxygen transfer: (a) KLa20 (h–1), the oxygen transfer coefficient at 20 °C; (b) SOTR (g O2·h–1), the standard oxygen transfer rate; (c) SAE (g O2·kWh–1), the standard aeration efficiency and (d) SOTE (%), the standard oxygen transfer efficiency. Diffuser depth (1.5 and 2.9 m) exerted a significant effect on KLa20, SOTR, SAE, and SOTE, with all units of measure increasing in response to increased diffuser depth. Both KLa20 and SOTR responded positively to increased gas flow rates (10, 20, 30, and 40 L·min–1), whereas both SAE and SOTE responded negatively. Orifice diameter (140, 400, and 800 µm) exerted a significant effect on KLa20, SOTR, SAE, and SOTE, with all units of measure increasing with decreasing orifice size. These experiments demonstrate how competing design factors interact to determine overall oxygen transfer rates in full lift hypolimnetic aeration systems. The practical application for full lift hypolimnetic aerator design is to maximize the surface area of the bubbles, use fine (i.e., ~140 μm) pore diameter diffusers, and locate the diffusers at the maximum practical depth.

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Silver-Impregnated Ceramic-Water Filters to Improve Water Quality and Health

10.18130/v3z80r ◽

2013 ◽

Author(s):

Lydia Abebe

Keyword(s):

Water Quality ◽

Ceramic Water Filters ◽

Improve Water Quality ◽

Water Filters

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Microbial and chemical assessment of ceramic and BioSand water filters in rural Cambodia

Water Science & Technology Water Supply ◽

10.2166/ws.2010.221 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 10 (3) ◽

pp. 286-295 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

H. M. Murphy ◽

M. Sampson ◽

K. Farahbakhsh ◽

E. McBean

Keyword(s):

Produced Water ◽

Water And Sanitation ◽

Household Water Treatment ◽

Ceramic Filters ◽

Ceramic Water Filters ◽

Point Of Use ◽

Guideline Value ◽

Treatment Technologies ◽

Biosand Filters ◽

Water Filters

Unless significant advances are made in the water and sanitation sector, it is unlikely that Cambodia will meet the United Nations Millennium Development Goal (MDG) target #7 for water and sanitation. Point-of-use technologies (POU), also termed “household water treatment technologies”, have been identified as successful options for providing safe water to rural households. Ceramic water filters and BioSand filters are two major POU technologies that are currently implemented across Cambodia. This paper presents data on the microbial performance of these two technologies in the field on various Cambodian source waters. In addition, data are presented on the occurrence of nitrite in treated water. Results showed that 61% and 88% of BioSand filters and ceramic filters, respectively, produced water in the low risk range for E. coli as defined by the WHO (0–10 CFU/100 mL). In addition, 83% of BioSand filters and 75% of ceramic filters were not meeting the WHO guideline value for chronic exposure to nitrite in drinking water (0.2 mg/L).

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