Ruminant Nutrition, In Vivo and in Vitro Nutritional Requirements of Rumen Microorganisms

1956 ◽  
Vol 4 (7) ◽  
pp. 627-631 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. R. Johnson ◽  
O. G. Bentley ◽  
J. W. Hibbs ◽  
H. R. Conrad
Keyword(s):  
Nutritional Requirements ◽  
Ruminant Nutrition ◽  
Rumen Microorganisms

Methionine Substitutes in Ruminant Nutrition II: Stability of Nonnitrogenous Compounds Related to Methionine during In Vitro Incubation with Rumen Microorganisms

1974 ◽  
Vol 63 (5) ◽  
pp. 751-754 ◽  
Author(s):  
G.A. Digenis ◽  
H.E. Amos ◽  
G.E. Mitchell ◽  
J.V. Swintosky ◽  
K. Yang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ruminant Nutrition ◽  
Rumen Microorganisms ◽  
In Vitro Incubation

A NEW NON-PROTEIN NITROGEN SOURCE FOR RUMINANTS

1969 ◽  
Vol 49 (2) ◽  
pp. 135-141 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. P. Milligan ◽  
A. R. Robblee ◽  
J. C. Wood ◽  
W. C. Kay ◽  
S. K. Chakrabartty
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Source ◽  
Dietary Supplement ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Feeding Trial ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Protein Nitrogen ◽  
Rumen Microorganisms ◽  
Production Of Ammonia

The preparation of a polymer of urea and furfural containing 23.2% nitrogen is described. This product was converted by rumen microorganisms in vitro to ammonia at a rate approximately one-seventh that of conversion of urea to ammonia. Use of the polymer as a dietary supplement in a feeding trial with lambs improved nitrogen retention over that of unsupplemented controls by 3.45 g of nitrogen retained per day, while an isonitrogenous quantity of supplemental urea improved nitrogen retention by 0.51 g of nitrogen retained per day. The blood urea pattern, throughout the day, of lambs adapted to control, urea-supplemented and urea–furfural polymer-supplemented rations indicated a slow, prolonged production of ammonia from the latter supplement and very rapid, short-term degradation of urea in vivo.

scholarly journals The Antimethanogenic Nitrocompounds Can be Cleaved into Nitrite by Rumen Microorganisms: A Comparison of Nitroethane, 2-Nitroethanol, and 2-Nitro-1-propanol

Metabolites ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 15
Author(s):  
Zhen-Wei Zhang ◽  
Yan-Lu Wang ◽  
Wei-Kang Wang ◽  
Yong-Yang Chen ◽  
Xue-Meng Si ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Compartment Model ◽  
Rumen Fermentation ◽  
Rumen Microorganisms ◽  
Batch Cultures ◽  
Rumen Microbes ◽  
Fermentation Pattern ◽  
Maize Meal ◽  
The One

A class of aliphatic short chain nitrocompounds have been reported as being capable of CH4 reduction both in vitro and in vivo. However, the laboratory evidence associated with the metabolic fate of nitrocompounds in the rumen has not been well documented. The present study was conducted to compare in vitro degradation and metabolism of nitroethane (NE), 2-nitroethanol (NEOH), and 2-nitro-1-propanol (NPOH) incubated with mixed rumen microorganisms of dairy cows. After 10 mM supplementation of nitrocompounds, a serious of batch cultures were carried out for 120 h under the presence of two substrates differing in the ratio of maize meal to alfalfa hay (HF, 1:4; LF, 4:1). Compared to the control, methane production was reduced by 59% in NPOH and by >97% in both NE and NEOH, and such antimethanogenic effects were more pronounced in the LF than the HF group. Although NE, NEOH, and NPOH addition did not alter total VFA production, the rumen fermentation pattern shifted toward increasing propionate and butyrate and decreasing acetate production. The kinetic disappearance of each nitrocompound was well fitted to the one-compartment model, and the disappearance rate (k, %/h) of NE was 2.6 to 5.2 times greater than those of NEOH and NPOH. Higher intermediates of nitrite occurred in NEOH in comparison with NPOH and NE while ammonia N production was lowest in NEOH. Consequently, a stepwise accumulation of bacterial crude protein (BCP) in response to the nitrocompound addition was observed in both the HF and LF group. In brief, both NE and NEOH in comparison with NPOH presented greater antimethanogenic activity via the shift of rumen fermentation. In addition, the present study provided the first direct evidence that rumen microbes were able to cleave these nitrocompounds into nitrite, and the subsequent metabolism of nitrite into ammonia N may enhance the growth of rumen microbes or promote microbial activities.

Influence of acetohydroxamic acid on some activities in vitro of the rumen microbiota

1968 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 409-416 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. A. Jones
Keyword(s):  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Urease Activity ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Selective Medium ◽  
Colony Development ◽  
Acetohydroxamic Acid ◽  
Rumen Microorganisms ◽  
Rumen Microbiota

When acetohydroxamic acid was incubated with washed suspensions of bovine rumen microorganisms the urease activity of the suspensions was depressed; activity could not be restored by the addition of divalent cations which, in the absence of acetohydroxamic acid, stimulated the urease activity of the cells. Acetohydroxamic acid was slowly degraded by the rumen microbiota. When the compound was incorporated into a non-selective medium for the enumeration of rumen bacteria it completely prevented visible colony development by some components of the inoculum and retarded the rate of multiplication of others. Acetohydroxamic acid inhibited the production of volatile fatty acids from added cellulose in strained rumen fluid and modified the molar proportions of acetate, propionate, and butyrate produced from the substrate; whereas in the absence of acetohydroxamic acid propionate production was favored at the expense of acetate; in its presence the acetate:propionate ratio remained constant. The effect of acetohydroxamic acid upon rumen microbial activities in vitro was therefore not limited to inhibition of rumen urease. It was impossible, however, to infer from the results obtained whether the potential value of the compound as a urease inhibitor in vivo would be diminished for this reason; this is because the influence of acetohydroxamic acid on the rumen microbiota in vivo is probably subject to modification by factors, such as the composition of the animal's diet, which were not investigated.

scholarly journals SYNTHESIS IN VITRO AND IN VIVO OF CO60 CONTAINING VITAMIN B12-ACTIVE SUBSTANCES BY RUMEN MICROORGANISMS

1956 ◽  
Vol 218 (1) ◽  
pp. 379-390
Author(s):  
Ronald R. Johnson ◽  
Orville G. Bentley ◽  
A.L. Moxon
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin B12 ◽  
Rumen Microorganisms ◽  
Active Substances

Rumen hydrogenation of long-chain fatty acids from fish meal

1997 ◽  
Vol 1997 ◽  
pp. 129-129
Author(s):  
M.D. Carro ◽  
E.L. Miller ◽  
O.C. Fabb
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fish Meal ◽  
Long Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Flow Data ◽  
Significant Extent ◽  
Rumen Microorganisms ◽  
Long Chain

In one in vitro study Ashes et al. (1992) reported that C20 and C22 fatty acids (FA) from fish oil were not hydrogenated to any significant extent by rumen microorganisms. However, to our knowledge, no measurement on hydrogenation has been performed on fishmeal (FM) FA. The aim of this experiment was to study the in vivo and in situ rumen hydrogenation of long-chain FA of two different FM: FMl (60 g FA/g DM) and FM2 (85 g FA/g DM).Six sheep fitted with rumen cannulae and single duodenal cannulae were fed every 2 hours, receiving 1 kg/d of a 60:40 hay:concentrate diet, either alone (Control; C) or supplemented with 40 g FM/d (FMl and FM2). The experiment was carried out over four periods (two sheep received one of the diets in each period) and Cr-NDF was used as a marker to estimate duodenal flow. Data were subjected to analysis of variance using the ANOVA procedure of the Statistical Analysis Systems (SAS, 1994).

Observations on the growth of Eimeria tenella in cultured cells from the parasitized chorioallantoic membranes of the developing chick embryo

Parasitology ◽  
1969 ◽  
Vol 59 (4) ◽  
pp. 757-765 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. L. Long
Keyword(s):  
Technical Assistance ◽  
Cultured Cells ◽  
Simple Procedure ◽  
Eimeria Tenella ◽  
Nutritional Requirements ◽  
Chick Embryos ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Different Types

Eimeria tenella infections were established in the chorioallantoic membranes CAM) of developing chick embryos. At different times after infection the CAM ells were cultured in vitro in modified 199 medium. Different types of schizont were grown, some similar to those occurring in infections of the usual in vivo site and others markedly different. In schizogony of one type the merozoites appeared to develop by growing out from the periphery of cellular masses; a process similar to that described by Hammond et al. (1966) for E. bovis.Gametocytes and infective oocysts were also grown by the tissue culture of CAM cells but only in cells infected 4–6 days previously in embryo; CAM cells infected for only 3 days before culture supported the growth of large numbers of schizonts of different types.The majority of the stages grown developed within densely populated areas of epithelial-like cells. A temperature of 41 °C was found to be necessary for the growth of the parasite. The nutritional requirements for the growth of E. tenella are fairly well provided by the medium used. The relatively simple procedure described should be of value for the observation of E. tenella at various stages of its growth and provide a means of in vitro testing of antiparasitic substances.I wish to thank Dr P. P. Levine for his interest and encouragement during the course of the work and Mr D. L'Amoreaux for technical assistance.

Metabolism of inorganic selenium in rumen bacteria

1968 ◽  
Vol 46 (2) ◽  
pp. 229-232 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Hidiroglou ◽  
D. P. Heaney ◽  
K. J. Jenkins
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin E ◽  
Selenium Supplementation ◽  
Rumen Bacteria ◽  
Microbial Protein ◽  
Rumen Microorganisms ◽  
In Vivo Experiments ◽  
Inorganic Selenium

In vitro and in vivo experiments demonstrated that rumen bacteria were capable of metabolizing inorganic 75Se and incorporating the element into the microbial protein. The fixation of 75Se into bacteria in vitro was inversely proportional to the previous dietary intake of selenium by the host sheep. In sheep fed a purified diet low in selenium and vitamin E, selenium supplementation caused a marked alteration of the rumen microorganisms. Characterization of the 75Se-containing compounds in the rumen bacteria protein hydrolysates revealed the presence of 75Se-selenomethionine and 75Se-selenomethionine selenoxide.

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