A NEW NON-PROTEIN NITROGEN SOURCE FOR RUMINANTS

1969 ◽  
Vol 49 (2) ◽  
pp. 135-141 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. P. Milligan ◽  
A. R. Robblee ◽  
J. C. Wood ◽  
W. C. Kay ◽  
S. K. Chakrabartty
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Source ◽  
Dietary Supplement ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Feeding Trial ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Protein Nitrogen ◽  
Rumen Microorganisms ◽  
Production Of Ammonia

The preparation of a polymer of urea and furfural containing 23.2% nitrogen is described. This product was converted by rumen microorganisms in vitro to ammonia at a rate approximately one-seventh that of conversion of urea to ammonia. Use of the polymer as a dietary supplement in a feeding trial with lambs improved nitrogen retention over that of unsupplemented controls by 3.45 g of nitrogen retained per day, while an isonitrogenous quantity of supplemental urea improved nitrogen retention by 0.51 g of nitrogen retained per day. The blood urea pattern, throughout the day, of lambs adapted to control, urea-supplemented and urea–furfural polymer-supplemented rations indicated a slow, prolonged production of ammonia from the latter supplement and very rapid, short-term degradation of urea in vivo.

A note on in vivo comparison of a urea-formaldehyde-molasses complex and urea molasses mixes as sole nitrogen supplements to a wheat chaff ration for steers

1983 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 309-311
Author(s):  
D. Lall ◽  
H. P. S. Makkar ◽  
S. S. Negi
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Urea Formaldehyde ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Protein Digestibility ◽  
Urea Derivative ◽  
Protein Nitrogen ◽  
Digestible Crude Protein ◽  
Wheat Chaff

ABSTRACTA urfia-formaldehyde-molasses complex appeared to be a promising slow ammonia-releasing urea derivative in in vitro studies. It was compared with urea-molasses mixtures as a non-protein nitrogen supplement to an ad libitum wheat chaff ration for steers. The significantly lower (P < 0·01) crude protein digestibility and intake of digestible crude protein, and the non-significantly lower nitrogen retention on the urea-formaldehyde-molasses complex ration revealed the superiority of simple urea-molasses mixtures as a non-protein nitrogen supplement.

Case study in 21 st century ecotoxicology: using in vitro aromatase inhibition data to predict short term in vivo responses in adult female fish

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel L. Villeneuve ◽  
Brett R. Blackwell ◽  
Jenna E. Cavallin ◽  
Wan‐Yun Cheng ◽  
David J. Feifarek ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Adult Female ◽  
Female Fish ◽  
Aromatase Inhibition ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Inhibition Data

Digestibility, nitrogen retention and plasma metabolite concentrations in steers offered whole crop wheat silage-based rations

1997 ◽  
Vol 1997 ◽  
pp. 132-132
Author(s):  
A.P. Moloney ◽  
P. O'Kiely
Keyword(s):  
Protein Concentration ◽  
Nitrogen Concentration ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Wheat Crop ◽  
Moisture Concentration ◽  
Protein Nitrogen ◽  
Urea Treatment ◽  
Plasma Metabolite ◽  
Carbohydrate Supplement

The yield of dry matter (DM) in a mature wheat crop can equal that obtained from three cuts of grass. Ensiled mature whole crop wheat is however characterised by a lower digestibility and lower crude protein concentration than good quality grass silage. Addition of urea at ensiling has been shown to increase the digestibility and the non-protein nitrogen concentration of whole crop wheat silage. The objectives of this study were to determine (i) the effect of urea-treatment on the in vivo digestibility of wheat of relatively high moisture concentration and (ii) the effects of the provision of a rapidly fermentable carbohydrate supplement on nitrogen metabolism in steers fed these silages.

Studies on the functional activity of organotypically cultured mouse ovary

Development ◽  
1966 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 133-141
Author(s):  
T. N. Chapekar ◽  
G. V. Nayak ◽  
Kamal J. Ranadive
Keyword(s):  
Functional Activity ◽  
Synthetic Medium ◽  
Culture Conditions ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Plasma Clot ◽  
Rat Ovary ◽  
Old Mice ◽  
Term Maintenance

Short-term maintenance of mouse and rat ovary in organotypic culture system is no longer a problem (Martinovitch, 1938; Gaillard, 1953; Trowell, 1959). Gaillard (1953) cultivated ovaries from 7- to 8-day-old and 21-day-old mice for a week on the plasma clot. Trowell (1959) maintained ovaries of 8-day-old mice on a synthetic medium in an O2-CO2 atmosphere for 9 days. He observed no histological differentiation in the tissues of the ovary. What needs confirmation and further investigation is the possibility of maintenance of functional activity of the ovary under culture conditions. A study was therefore undertaken to investigate if an ovary, cultivated in vitro for some time, shows hormonal activity when transplanted in vivo. In the present work cultured ovaries were grafted in the anterior eye-chamber of spayed female mice and the development of secondary sex organs such as mammary glands and uterus was studied.

scholarly journals Evaluation of cytotoxicity and mutagenicity of the benzodiazepine flunitrazepam in vitro and in vivo

2014 ◽  
Vol 50 (2) ◽  
pp. 251-256
Author(s):  
Igor Vivian de Almeida ◽  
Giovana Domingues ◽  
Lilian Capelari Soares ◽  
Elisângela Düsman ◽  
Veronica Elisa Pimenta Vicentini
Keyword(s):  
Rattus Norvegicus ◽  
Bone Marrow Cells ◽  
Micronucleus Test ◽  
Term Treatment ◽  
Genotoxic Effects ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Short Term Treatment ◽  
Chromosomal Aberration Test

Flunitrazepam (FNZ) is a sedative benzodiazepine prescribed for the short-term treatment of insomnia. However, there are concerns regarding possible carcinogenic or genotoxic effects of this medicine. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the cytotoxic, clastogenic and aneugenic effects of FNZ in hepatoma cells from Rattus norvegicus (HTC) in vitro and in bone marrow cells of Wistar rats in vivo. These effects were examined in vitro following treatment with 0.2, 1.0, 5.0 or 10 μg/mL FNZ using a micronucleus test with a cytokinesis block or in vivo using a chromosomal aberration test following treatment with 7, 15 or 30 μg/mL/kg body weight. The results showed that the benzodiazepine concentrations tested were not cytotoxic, aneugenic or clastogenic. However, considering the adverse effects of using this benzodiazepine, more studies are required.

scholarly journals Safety Evaluation of Multiple Strains ofLactobacillus plantarumandPediococcus pentosaceusin Wistar Rats Based on the Ames Test and a 28-Day Feeding Study

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cheng-Chih Tsai ◽  
Sew-Fen Leu ◽  
Quan-Rong Huang ◽  
Lan-Chun Chou ◽  
Chun-Chih Huang
Keyword(s):  
Wistar Rats ◽  
Clinical Chemistry ◽  
Toxicity Study ◽  
Bacterial Strains ◽  
Oral Toxicity ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Mutagenic Potential ◽  
Multiple Strains

Three lactic acid bacterial strains,Lactobacillus plantarum, HK006, and HK109, andPediococcus pentosaceusPP31 exhibit probiotic potential as antiallergy agents, both in vitro and in vivo. However, the safety of these new strains requires evaluation when isolated from infant faeces or pickled cabbage. Multiple strains (HK006, HK109, and PP31) were subject to a bacterial reverse mutation assay and a short-term oral toxicity study. The powder product exhibited mutagenic potential inSalmonellaTyphimurium strains TA98 and TA1535 (with or without metabolic activation). In the short-term oral toxicity study, rats received a normal dosage of 390 mg/kg/d (approximately9×109 CFU/kg/d) or a high dosage of 1950 mg/kg/d (approximately4.5×1010 CFU/kg/d) for 28 d. No adverse effects were observed regarding the general condition, behaviour, growth, feed and water consumption, haematology, clinical chemistry indices, organ weights, or histopathologic analysis of the rats. These studies have demonstrated that the consumption of multiple bacterial strains is not associated with any signs of mutagenicity ofS.Typhimurium or toxicity in Wistar rats, even after consuming large quantities of bacteria.

Short-term Regulation of Resistin in vivo by Oral Lipid Ingestion and in vitro by Fatty Acid Stimulation

2015 ◽  
Vol 123 (09) ◽  
pp. 553-560 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Schmid ◽  
S. Leszczak ◽  
I. Ober ◽  
T. Karrasch ◽  
A. Schäffler
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Short Term

Phosphofructokinase activity and acidosis during short-term tetanic contractions

1991 ◽  
Vol 69 (2) ◽  
pp. 298-304 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lawrence L. Spriet
Keyword(s):  
Glycolytic Enzyme ◽  
Test Tube ◽  
Mammalian Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Short Supply ◽  
In Vivo Experiments ◽  
Anaerobic Energy

Anaerobic energy production is essential for the production of muscular tension when the demand for energy is greater than can be provided aerobically and when oxygen is in short supply. The largest source of anaerobic energy is from the glycolytic pathway. With sustained tetanic contractions, muscle glycolytic activity is high and hydrogen ions (H+) accumulate while tension production decreases. The increasing [H+] and decreasing tension led to the suggestion that H+ inhibits the activity of the regulatory glycolytic enzyme phosphofructokinase (PFK). Early in vitro work confirmed the H+ sensitivity of PFK in the test tube, indicating that little PFK activity should persist at a pH of 6.9–7.0. However, in situ and in vivo experiments suggested that significant PFK activity was maintained during intense contractions when muscle pH decreased to 6.4–6.6. There are several concerns associated with the application of in vitro findings to in vivo exercise situations: (i) there is little in vitro work in mammalian skeletal muscle with substrate and modulator concentrations representative of exercise, (ii) most in vitro analyses of PFK activity are performed following the dilution of the enzyme in mediums with low protein concentration, and (iii) do the modulators identified in vitro exist in high enough in vivo concentrations at rest and during exercise to contribute to the regulation of PFK? More recent in vitro and in situ PFK experiments have overcome some of these concerns. They confirm that during intense, short-term tetanic contractions, PFK activity is well matched to the ATP demand despite decreases in pH to ~6.4–6.5. A combination of decreased inhibitor (ATP) and increased substrate (fructose 6-phosphate) contents coupled with increases in the contents of several positive modulators may be responsible for the maintained PFK activity. This combination reduces the pH-dependent ATP inhibition of PFK and extends the physiological pH range of the enzyme to the range normally measured during this type of muscular activity.Key words: glycolysis, phosphofructokinase, anaerobic metabolism, acidosis.

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