Effect of intravenous calcium on the serum concentration of inorganic phosphorus after oral administration of sodium phosphate

Background: Anticonvulsants are widely used in the treatment of small animals for the remission of isolated seizures and recurrent seizures in epilepsy, including tonic-clonic seizures and in status epileticus. Phenobarbital is the drug of choice for the management of epileptic seizures, it is considered very effective, safe, low cost and with few side effects. Several routes of administration may be used, with the oral, intravenous and intramuscular routes being the most common, with rectal and nasal routes being the least common. Materials, Methods & Results: Twenty mongrel dogs were used in the present study (aged 1 to 6-year-old, males and females, weighing 6.0 to 17.0 kg). The patients were previously evaluated via physical examination, temperature, respiratory and heart rate, laboratory tests (erythrogram and leukogram), and serum biochemistry by analyzing the serum levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (FA), and gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT). Four experimental groups were established with five animals in each group: animals receiving intramuscular injections of phenobarbital (VIM), animals receiving nasal administration of phenobarbital (VN), animals receiving rectal administration of phenobarbital (VR), and animals receiving oral administration of phenobarbital (VO). Phenobarbital was administered every 12 h for 15 days. To determine the serum level of phenobarbital, 5 mL of jugular vein blood was collected in vacuum tubes for evaluation via hemogram. The serum level was determined after 15 days of continuous administration of phenobarbital, as stable phenobarbital serum levels can only be achieved from 10 to 15 days after the first administration. For the serum biochemistry evaluation, 10 mL of blood from the jugular vein was collected using vacuum syringes for assessing ALT, AST, GGT, and FA levels. Statistical analyses were performed with contrasted variation analysis using the Tukey method and paired t-test for comparison of time points. The level of significance was determined to be 5%. There was a significant difference (P < 0.05) among drug administration routes, and among the levels of AST and AF enzymes after the first administration of phenobarbital via the nasal and intramuscular routes. Based on the results, it was concluded that hepatic alterations secondary to the use of phenobarbital for 15 days may occur with a low incidence. The phenobarbital serum concentration in dogs varied when administered via nasal, rectal, and intramuscular routes, but was stable when administered orally.Discussion: The current results are consistent with those of previous studies, indicating that the chronic use of phenobarbital causes an increase in the serum levels of ALT and FA enzymes. It was found that phenobarbital serum levels varied greatly, particularly following nasal, rectal, and intramuscular administration. In the present study, serum phenobarbital levels were within the normal range when administered via the intramuscular, nasal, rectal, and oral routes. This result is inconsistent with that of previous studies where the serum levels were below the normal range following oral administration of phenobarbital. The serum concentration, rather than clinical criteria, should be used as a guide for treatment modification, as the distribution of this drug varies greatly among animals.

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Tissue distribution and elimination of florfenicol in topmouth culter (Culter alburnus) after oral administration

Czech Journal of Food Sciences ◽

10.17221/183/2008-cjfs ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 27 (No. 3) ◽

pp. 214-221 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

W. Wang ◽

X. Dai ◽

Z. Li ◽

Q. Meng

Keyword(s):

Single Dose ◽

Serum Concentration ◽

Oral Administration ◽

Tissue Distribution ◽

Maximum Concentration ◽

Drug Analysis ◽

Field Conditions ◽

Withdrawal Period ◽

Culter Alburnus ◽

The Eu

The serum concentration and muscle residue of florfenicol following oral administration were evaluated in topmouth culter (Culter alburnus) under field conditions. Fishes were cultured in tanks and fed a commercial medicated diet containing 2000 mg/kg florfenicol in a single dose. The sampling was conducted at different intervals (0, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 3, 4, 8, 10, 12, 16, 24, 36, 48, 72, 96, 120, 144, 168 h) after the cessation of medication. Drug analysis was carried out by HPLC. The maximum concentration (Cmax) of 10.8 μg/g in serum and 4.2 μg/g in muscle were reached at the same time (tmax) of 8 hours. If the EU MRL value of 1.0 μg/g is quoted for the topmouth culter tissue, the extrapolation of the data indicated that it will be passed after a 40.6 h withdrawal period for florfenicol in topmouth culter muscle.

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Additional note on the effect of insulin on the lactacidogen content of the skeletal muscles

Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Containing Papers of a Biological Character ◽

10.1098/rspb.1926.0041 ◽

1926 ◽

Vol 100 (701) ◽

pp. 171-171 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Keyword(s):

Intravenous Administration ◽

Skeletal Muscles ◽

Sodium Phosphate ◽

Inorganic Phosphorus ◽

Phosphate Ester ◽

Mixed Solution ◽

Additional Note ◽

High Level

It has recently been shown (Best, Hoet and Marks, these Proceedings , supra , p. 55) that in the spinal preparation to which sugar is administered intravenously, no significant portion of the dextrose which disappears under the action of insulin is stored as a phosphate ester in the muscles. In these experiments the inorganic phosphorus of the blood was greatly reduced but there was no depletion of the free phosphorus of the muscles. The possibility remained that although an abundance of phosphate appeared to be available in the muscles the amount of inorganic phosphorus present in the blood might exert some effect on the formation of lactacidogen. We have therefore carried out experiments in which the inorganic phosphorus of the blood has been maintained at a high level by the intravenous administration of sodium phosphate. Dextrose and phosphate, in approximately the proportion that they are present in hexose diphosphate, were infused in mixed solution. The results of one of the experiments are given below. Cat, 4,100 grams. Spinal preparation. Not eviscerated.

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Dexamethasone serum concentrations after intravenous administration in horses during race training

Comparative Exercise Physiology ◽

10.3920/cep200015 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 1-10

Author(s):

S. McClure ◽

C. Fenger ◽

K. Kersh ◽

B. Brown ◽

G. Maylin ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Serum Concentration ◽

Intravenous Administration ◽

Sodium Phosphate ◽

Limit Of Detection ◽

Serum Concentrations ◽

Concentration Data ◽

Limit Of Quantification ◽

Inflammatory Conditions ◽

Standard Deviation Range ◽

The Usa

Dexamethasone (DXM) sodium phosphate is a widely used corticosteroid for inflammatory conditions in horses, regulated in racing jurisdictions in the USA by a 0.005 ng/ml serum/plasma threshold. This study seeks to describe serum concentrations of DXM at 48 and 72 h after intravenous administration of 20 mg DXM sodium phosphate over 1 to 5 days, and to identify a possible source of DXM overages. 74 horses (39 Thoroughbreds, 13 Standardbreds, 22 Quarter Horses) in active race training received 20 mg DXM sodium phosphate. Serum was collected before injection, at 48 and 72 h post last injection, and analysed by LC/MS-MS (limit of quantification (LOQ) = 2.5 pg/ml). No differences were identified by ANOVA (P≤0.05) for racing breeds, age, gender or the number of days of DXM sodium phosphate administration, so data were pooled for each time point. The DXM serum concentration at 48 h (mean ± standard deviation, range) was 2.18±1.56 pg/ml (<2.5 to 40 pg/ml). Summary statistics could not be derived for 72 h DXM serum concentration data owing to censored data, but ranged from <2.5 to 95.8 pg/ml. There was one extreme outlier (Tukey) at 48 h, and two extreme outliers at 72 h. A separate study was conducted using sedentary experimental horses to determine the likelihood that positive DXM samples could result from environmental transfer. Urine was collected from a mare 2 to 3 h post administration of 20 mg DXM. Hay with 100 ml of the DXM (17 ng/ml) containing urine was offered to each of six experimental horses and blood was collected at 0, 4, 8, 12, 16, 20 and 24 h. All six horses had plasma DXM concentration above the limit of detection and five of six had plasma DXM concentrations above the LOQ for at least one sample time.

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