How Object Shape Affects Visual Metaphor Processing

2012 ◽  
Vol 59 (6) ◽  
pp. 364-371 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lisanne van Weelden ◽  
Alfons Maes ◽  
Joost Schilperoord ◽  
Marc Swerts
Keyword(s):  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Object Categorization ◽  
Visual Metaphor ◽  
Visual Array ◽  
Object Shape ◽  
Visual Metaphors ◽  
Metaphor Interpretation ◽  
Metaphor Processing ◽  
Do So

In order to interpret novel metaphoric relations, we have to construct ad hoc categories under which the metaphorically related concepts can be subsumed. Shape is considered to be one of the primary vehicles of object categorization. Accordingly, shape might play a prominent role in interpreting visual metaphors (i.e., two metaphorically related objects depicted in one visual array). This study explores the role of object shape in visual metaphor interpretation of 10- to 12-year-olds. The experiment shows that participants can produce more correspondences between similarly shaped objects as compared to dissimilarly shaped objects and that they need less thinking time to do so. These findings suggest that similarity in shape facilitates the process of interpreting visual metaphors.

Metaphoric moral framing and image-text relations in the op-ed genre

2018 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 42-66
Author(s):  
Ahmed Abdel-Raheem
Keyword(s):  
General System ◽  
Visual Metaphor ◽  
Text And Image ◽  
Visual Metaphors ◽  
Moral Framing ◽  
Process Work ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Large Corpus ◽  
Political Cognition

This article examines the role of visual metaphor for moral-political cognition. It makes use of a large corpus of 250 multimodal op-eds about the Euro crisis and lays the foundation for establishing a general system of image-text relations in the op-ed genre. Specifically, the paper addresses the following questions: Is there a difference between a cartoon and an illustration? Why do not op-ed illustrations have captions? What role does layout play in conveying meaning? How do ‘op-ed’ and ‘illustration’ relate to each other in terms of the metaphors and moral values employed in both of them? What is the nature of the relationship between the two? How does the illustrating process work? Should the text and image be considered as a single unit or as two separate (though related) units? Moreover, the results of this research will show that visual metaphors can exert a strong effect on individuals’ moral-political cognition.

Community Interests in International Adjudication

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eyal Benvenisti
Keyword(s):  
Crucial Role ◽  
Recursive Function ◽  
Dispute Settlement ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Focal Points ◽  
International Courts ◽  
Legal Obligations ◽  
International Adjudication ◽  
Do So

The chapter examines the extent to which international courts and tribunals can take community interests into consideration and develop community obligations. It explores the significance of this distinction between the ad hoc dispute-settlement tribunals and standing courts with jurisdiction to adjudicate multiple cases, and argues that the recursive function transforms international courts into global lawmakers that weave together a system of norms with secondary rules of recognition. International tribunals serve a crucial role of coordinating the behavior of state and nonstate actors by creating focal points that define the parties’ legal obligations and stabilize expectations. Moreover, the chapter argues that because of this function international courts are uniquely situated to take community interests into account, and they often, if not always, do so. This implies that if properly insulated from pressures and prejudices, international adjudicators are institutionally inclined to promote community obligations.

The Role of Shape in Comparing Objects: How Perceptual Similarity May Affect Visual Metaphor Processing

2011 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 272-298 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lisanne van Weelden ◽  
Alfons Maes ◽  
Joost Schilperoord ◽  
Reinier Cozijn
Keyword(s):  
Perceptual Similarity ◽  
Visual Metaphor ◽  
Metaphor Processing

A Re-Appraisal of the Role of Blood Coagulation and Platelets in the Generalized Shwartzman Phenomenon

1966 ◽  
Vol 15 (03/04) ◽  
pp. 519-538 ◽  
Author(s):  
J Levin ◽  
E Beck
Keyword(s):  
Blood Coagulation ◽  
The State ◽  
Coagulation System ◽  
Renal Lesions ◽  
Intravascular Coagulation ◽  
Renal Glomeruli ◽  
Coagulation Mechanism ◽  
Shwartzman Phenomenon ◽  
Do So

SummaryThe role of intravascular coagulation in the production of the generalized Shwartzman phenomenon has been evaluated. The administration of endotoxin to animals prepared with Thorotrast results in activation of the coagulation mechanism with the resultant deposition of fibrinoid material in the renal glomeruli. Anticoagulation prevents alterations in the state of the coagulation system and inhibits development of the renal lesions. Platelets are not primarily involved. Platelet antiserum produces similar lesions in animals prepared with Thorotrast, but appears to do so in a manner which does not significantly involve intravascular coagulation.The production of adrenal cortical hemorrhage, comparable to that seen in the Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome, following the administration of endotoxin to animals that had previously received ACTH does not require intravascular coagulation and may not be a manifestation of the generalized Shwartzman phenomenon.

‘Wheels have been set in motion’: Geocentrism and Relativity in Tom Stoppard’s Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Liliane Campos
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Film Adaptation ◽  
Frames Of Reference ◽  
Quantum Uncertainty ◽  
Galilean Relativity ◽  
Modern Physics ◽  
20Th Century Physics ◽  
Time Specific ◽  
Do So

By decentring our reading of Hamlet, Stoppard’s tragicomedy questions the legitimacy of centres and of stable frames of reference. So Liliane Campos examines how Stoppard plays with the physical and cosmological models he finds in Hamlet, particularly those of the wheel and the compass, and gives a new scientific depth to the fear that time is ‘out of joint’. In both his play and his own film adaptation, Stoppard’s rewriting gives a 20th-century twist to these metaphors, through references to relativity, indeterminacy, and the role of the observer. When they refer to the uncontrollable wheels of their fate, his characters no longer describe the destruction of order, but uncertainty about which order is at work, whether heliocentric or geocentric, random or tragic. When they express their loss of bearings, they do so through the thought experiments of modern physics, from Galilean relativity to quantum uncertainty, drawing our attention to shifting frames of reference. Much like Schrödinger’s cat, Stoppard’s Rosencrantz and Guildenstern are both dead and alive. As we observe their predicament, Campos argues, we are placed in the paradoxical position of the observer in 20th-century physics, and constantly reminded that our time-specific relation to the canon inevitably determines our interpretation.

Helping when desire is low: The role of Expectancy in helping

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Małgorzata Kossowska
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Helping Behavior ◽  
Perceived Effectiveness ◽  
Do So

One might assume that the desire to help (here described as Want) is the essential driver of helping declarations and/or behaviors. However, even if desire to help is low, helping behavior may still occur if the expectancy regarding the perceived effectiveness of helping is high. We tested these predictions in a set of three experimental studies. In all three, we measured the desire to help (Want) and the Expectancy that the aid would be impactful for the victim; in addition, we manipulated Expectancy in Study 3. In Studies 1 and 3, we measured the participants’ declaration to help while in Study 2, their helping behavior was examined. In all three studies, we used variations of the same story about a victim. The results supported our hypothesis. Thus, the studies help to tease apart the determinants of helping behavior under conditions of lowered desire to do so, an issue of great importance in public policymaking.

History and Transport Policy

Transfers ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-62 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ueli Haefeli ◽  
Fritz Kobi ◽  
Ulrich Seewer
Keyword(s):  
Knowledge Transfer ◽  
Transport Policy ◽  
Science And Policy ◽  
Direct Knowledge ◽  
Academic System ◽  
Decision Making Processes ◽  
Policy And Planning ◽  
Policy Solutions ◽  
Do So

Based on analysis of two case studies in the Canton of Bern, this article examines the question of knowledge transfer from history to transport policy and planning in the recent past in Switzerland. It shows that for several reasons, direct knowledge transfer did not occur. In particular, historians have seldom become actively involved in transport planning and policy discourses, probably partly because the academic system offers no incentive to do so. However, historical knowledge has certainly influenced decision-making processes indirectly, via personal reflection of the actors in the world of practice or through Switzerland's strongly developed modes of political participation. Because the potential for knowledge transfer to contribute to better policy solutions has not been fully utilized, we recommend strengthening the role of existing interfaces between science and policy.

Stative Morpheme In Shimakonde, An Anticausative Morpheme?

2017 ◽  
Vol 19 ◽  
pp. 343-376
Author(s):  
Ronaldo Rodrigues De Paula
Keyword(s):  
External Argument ◽  
Bantu Language ◽  
Northern Regions ◽  
Do So

Tis paper aims to describe the syntax of the constructions that present the verbal extensions {-ik-} and {-uk-} and their allomorphs in Shimakonde, a Bantu language classifed as P23 in the Guthrie classifcation (GUTHRIE 1967-71). Tis language is spoken in the northern regions of Mozambique and Tanzania. Tese verbal extensions are reported in literature under the labels of stative, impositive, pseudo-passive, neuter, and quasi-passive (DOKE, 1947; SATYO, 1985; MCHOMBO, 1993; DUBINSKY SIMANGO, 1996; BENTLEY KULEMEKA, 2001; LIPHOLA, 2001; NGUNGA, 2004; KHUMALO, 2009; LEACH, 2010; LANGA, 2013). Te addition of the {-ik-} or {-uk-} morphemes to the verb structure usually demotes or suppresses the external argument, turning a basically transitive predicate into an intransitive one. Tis paper aims to investigate in Shimakonde if alternations from a dyadic to a monadic predicate, through the use of one of the aforementioned morphemes, are instances of the phenomenon known in literature as causative/ anticausative alternation (HASPELMATH, 1987, 1993; LEVIN RAPPAPORT HOVAV, 1992, 1995; NAVES, 1998, 2005; VAN HOUT, 2004; OLIVEIRA, 2011; KALLULLI, 2007). In order to do so, I analyze the grammatical role of this morpheme with two Shimakonde native consultants from different Mozambique districts (Mocimboa da Praia and Montepuez). Te feldwork activities consisted of translations of sentences from Portuguese to Shimakonde, testing the grammaticality of the proposed sentences. In order to examine the data that were collected, I adopted the Alexiadou, Anagnostopoulou and Schäfer (2006) refnement of the verbal categories by Levin Rappaport Hovav (1992, 1995). One of the results obtained is that the verbal extensions display an atelic reading (giving rise to stative interpretation) or a telic reading (giving rise to anticausative or passive interpretation). To account for the different interpretations in these constructions, I propose distinct associations between Asp head and Voice head in accordance with Kratzer (1996), Pylkkänen (2002), van Hout (2004), and Oliveira (2010).

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document