scholarly journals The effect of talker familiarity on sentence recognition accuracy over time

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Madison Buntrock ◽  
Brittan Ann Barker ◽  
Madison M. Guires ◽  
Tyson S. Barrett
Keyword(s):  
Time Course ◽  
Recognition Accuracy ◽  
Early Time ◽  
Late Time ◽  
Sentence Recognition ◽  
Mixed Effects Modeling ◽  
University Professor ◽  
Talker Familiarity ◽  
Over Time

The familiar talker advantage (FTA) reflects the robust research finding that a listener’s ability to perceive and understand a talker in noise is facilitated when the listener is familiar with the talker. However, it is unclear when the benefits of said familiarity first emerge and whether or not they strengthen over time. To better understand the time course of the FTA, we assessed the effects of long-term, implicit voice learning on 89 young adults’ sentence recognition accuracy in the presence of 4-talker babble. A university professor served as the target talker in the experiment. Half the participants were students of the professor and familiar with her voice. The professor was a stranger to the remaining participants. We manipulated the listeners’ degree of familiarity with the professor over the course of a semester. To test for the effects of the two independent variables: talker (familiar, novel) and time of testing (early: Time 1, late: Time 2), we used mixed effects modeling. Analyses revealed that an FTA emerged in the listeners after only 16 weeks (~32 hours) of exposure to the target voice in a college classroom setting. The FTA also strengthened over time. Implicit exposure to the target talker’s voice for ~12 hours over approximately 4 weeks was not enough time to yield an FTA. The present results imply that talker familiarity (outside of the confines of a long-term, familial relationship) seems to be a much quicker-to-emerge and reliable cue for bootstrapping spoken language perception than previous literature suggested.

scholarly journals The Effect of Talker Familiarity on Sentence Recognition Accuracy in Complex Noise

2021 ◽  
Vol 68 (1) ◽  
pp. 49-55
Author(s):  
Madison S. Buntrock ◽  
Brittan A. Barker ◽  
Madison M. Gurries ◽  
Tyson S. Barrett
Keyword(s):  
Time Course ◽  
Recognition Accuracy ◽  
Spoken Language ◽  
Independent Variables ◽  
Sentence Recognition ◽  
Mixed Effects Modeling ◽  
Familial Relationship ◽  
University Professor ◽  
Talker Familiarity

Abstract. The familiar talker advantage is the finding that a listener’s ability to perceive and understand a talker is facilitated when the listener is familiar with the talker. However, it is unclear when the benefits of familiarity emerge and whether they strengthen over time. To better understand the time course of the familiar talker advantage, we assessed the effects of long-term, implicit voice learning on 89 young adults’ sentence recognition accuracy in the presence of four-talker babble. A university professor served as the target talker in the experiment. Half the participants were students of the professor and familiar with her voice. The professor was a stranger to the remaining participants. We manipulated the listeners’ degree of familiarity with the professor over the course of a semester. We used mixed effects modeling to test for the effects of the two independent variables: talker and hours of exposure. Analyses revealed a familiar talker advantage in the listeners after 16 weeks (∼32 h) of exposure to the target voice. These results imply that talker familiarity (outside of the confines of a long-term, familial relationship) seems to be a much quicker-to-emerge, reliable cue for bootstrapping spoken language perception than previous literature suggested.

scholarly journals Time course of carotid artery growth and remodeling in response to altered pulsatility

2010 ◽  
Vol 299 (6) ◽  
pp. H1875-H1883 ◽  
Author(s):  
John F. Eberth ◽  
Natasa Popovic ◽  
Vincent C. Gresham ◽  
Emily Wilson ◽  
Jay D. Humphrey
Keyword(s):  
Carotid Artery ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Carotid Arteries ◽  
Early Time ◽  
Mechanical Stimuli ◽  
Mean Flow ◽  
Time Courses ◽  
The Right

Elucidating early time courses of biomechanical responses by arteries to altered mechanical stimuli is paramount to understanding and eventually predicting long-term adaptations. In a previous study, we reported marked long-term (at 35–56 days) consequences of increased pulsatile hemodynamics on arterial structure and mechanics. Motivated by those findings, we focus herein on arterial responses over shorter periods (at 7, 10, and 14 days) following placement of a constrictive band on the aortic arch between the innominate and left carotid arteries of wild-type mice, which significantly increases pulsatility in the right carotid artery. We quantified hemodynamics in vivo using noninvasive ultrasound and measured wall properties and composition in vitro using biaxial mechanical testing and standard (immuno)histology. Compared with both baseline carotid arteries and left carotids after banding, right carotids after banding experienced a significant increase in both pulse pressure, which peaked at day 7, and a pulsatility index for velocity, which continued to rise over the 42-day study despite a transient increase in mean flow that peaked at day 7. Wall thickness and inner diameter also increased significantly in the right carotids, both peaking at day 14, with an associated marked early reduction in the in vivo axial stretch and a persistent decrease in smooth muscle contractility. Glycosaminoglycan content also increased within the wall, peaking at day 14, whereas increases in monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 activity and the collagen-to-elastin ratio continued to rise. These findings confirm that pulsatility is an important modulator of wall geometry, structure, and properties but reveal different early time courses for different microscopic and macroscopic metrics, presumably due to the separate degrees of influence of pressure and flow.

scholarly journals A novel suprachoroidal microinvasive glaucoma implant: in vivo biocompatibility and biointegration

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ian Grierson ◽  
Don Minckler ◽  
Marian K. Rippy ◽  
Andrew J. Marshall ◽  
Nathalie Collignon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Intraocular Pressure ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Ocular Tissues ◽  
Tissue Integration ◽  
Drainage Channels ◽  
Pressure Lowering ◽  
Over Time

Abstract Background A major challenge for any glaucoma implant is their ability to provide long-term intraocular pressure lowering efficacy. The formation of a low-permeability fibrous capsule around the device often leads to obstructed drainage channels, which may impair the drainage function of devices. These foreign body-related limitations point to the need to develop biologically inert biomaterials to improve performance in reaching long-term intraocular pressure reduction. The aim of this study was to evaluate in vivo (in rabbits) the ocular biocompatibility and tissue integration of a novel suprachoroidal microinvasive glaucoma implant, MINIject™ (iSTAR Medical, Wavre, Belgium). Results In two rabbit studies, no biocompatibility issue was induced by the suprachoroidal, ab-externo implantation of the MINIject™ device. Clinical evaluation throughout the 6 post-operative months between the sham and test groups were similar, suggesting most reactions were related to the ab-externo surgical technique used for rabbits, rather than the implant material itself. Histological analysis of ocular tissues at post-operative months 1, 3 and 6 revealed that the implant was well-tolerated and induced only minimal fibroplasia and thus minimal encapsulation around the implant. The microporous structure of the device became rapidly colonized by cells, mostly by macrophages through cell migration, which do not, by their nature, impede the flow of aqueous humor through the device. Time-course analysis showed that once established, pore colonization was stable over time. No fibrosis nor dense connective tissue development were observed within any implant at any time point. The presence of pore colonization may be the process by which encapsulation around the implant is minimized, thus preserving the permeability of the surrounding tissues. No degradation nor structural changes of the implant occurred during the course of both studies. Conclusions The novel MINIject™ microinvasive glaucoma implant was well-tolerated in ocular tissues of rabbits, with observance of biointegration, and no biocompatibility issues. Minimal fibrous encapsulation and stable cellular pore colonization provided evidence of preserved drainage properties over time, suggesting that the implant may produce a long-term ability to enhance aqueous outflow.

scholarly journals Genome-wide kinetics of DNA excision repair in relation to chromatin state and mutagenesis

2016 ◽  
Vol 113 (15) ◽  
pp. E2124-E2133 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sheera Adar ◽  
Jinchuan Hu ◽  
Jason D. Lieb ◽  
Aziz Sancar
Keyword(s):  
Time Course ◽  
Excision Repair ◽  
Early Time ◽  
Chromatin State ◽  
Open Chromatin ◽  
Late Time ◽  
Normal Human Skin ◽  
Time Points ◽  
Dna Excision Repair ◽  
Genome Wide

We recently developed a high-resolution genome-wide assay for mapping DNA excision repair named eXcision Repair-sequencing (XR-seq) and have now used XR-seq to determine which regions of the genome are subject to repair very soon after UV exposure and which regions are repaired later. Over a time course, we measured repair of the UV-induced damage of cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers (CPDs) (at 1, 4, 8, 16, 24, and 48 h) and (6-4)pyrimidine-pyrimidone photoproducts [(6-4)PPs] (at 5 and 20 min and 1, 2, and 4 h) in normal human skin fibroblasts. Each type of damage has distinct repair kinetics. The (6-4)PPs are detected as early as 5 min after UV treatment, with the bulk of repair completed by 4 h. Repair of CPDs, which we previously showed is intimately coupled to transcription, is slower and in certain regions persists even 2 d after UV irradiation. We compared our results to the Encyclopedia of DNA Elements data regarding histone modifications, chromatin state, and transcription. For both damage types, and for both transcription-coupled and general excision repair, the earliest repair occurred preferentially in active and open chromatin states. Conversely, repair in regions classified as “heterochromatic” and “repressed” was relatively low at early time points, with repair persisting into the late time points. Damage that remains during DNA replication increases the risk for mutagenesis. Indeed, late-repaired regions are associated with a higher level of cancer-linked mutations. In summary, we show that XR-seq is a powerful approach for studying relationships among chromatin state, DNA repair, genome stability, mutagenesis, and carcinogenesis.

Globin synthesis in heterokaryons formed between chick erythrocytes and human K562 cells or rat L6 myoblasts

1984 ◽  
Vol 66 (1) ◽  
pp. 309-319
Author(s):  
G. Lanfranchi ◽  
S. Linder ◽  
N.R. Ringertz
Keyword(s):  
Time Course ◽  
Early Time ◽  
K562 Cells ◽  
Late Time ◽  
Globin Chain ◽  
Time Points ◽  
Erythroleukemia Cells ◽  
Globin Synthesis ◽  
Chain Synthesis ◽  
Globin Chain Synthesis

Chick globin synthesis was studied in heterokaryons formed between chick erythrocytes and human K562 erythroleukemia cells or rat L6J1 myoblasts. It was found that chick globin synthesis was activated after fusion of definitive (17 to 19-day) chick erythrocytes obtained from 17 to 19-day embryos with K562 cells. Chick globins appeared to be of the adult alpha A, alpha D and beta types, whereas no embryonic globin synthesis could be detected. The pattern and time-course of globin synthesis was investigated after fusion of 4 to 5-day embryonic erythrocytes with rat L6J1 myoblasts. The level of globin synthesis was high at early time points but then decreased. Globin synthesis, however, was still detectable at 9 days in these heterokaryons. Chick alpha A, alpha D and epsilon-globin chain synthesis was observed both at early and late time points after fusion.

scholarly journals Habituation After Deep Brain Stimulation in Tremor Syndromes: Prevalence, Risk Factors and Long-Term Outcomes

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
James Peters ◽  
Stephen Tisch
Keyword(s):  
Deep Brain Stimulation ◽  
Side Effects ◽  
Brain Stimulation ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Electrode Placement ◽  
Long Term Outcomes ◽  
Parkinson's Tremor ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Deep Brain

Deep brain stimulation (DBS) of the thalamus is an effective treatment for medically refractory essential, dystonic and Parkinson's tremor. It may also provide benefit in less common tremor syndromes including, post-traumatic, cerebellar, Holmes, neuropathic and orthostatic tremor. The long-term benefit of DBS in essential and dystonic tremor (ET/DT) often wanes over time, a phenomena referred to as stimulation “tolerance” or “habituation”. While habituation is generally accepted to exist, it remains controversial. Attempts to quantify habituation have revealed conflicting reports. Placebo effects, loss of micro-lesional effect, disease related progression, suboptimal stimulation and stimulation related side-effects may all contribute to the loss of sustained long-term therapeutic effect. Habituation often presents as substantial loss of initial DBS benefit occurring as early as a few months after initial stimulation; a complex and feared issue when faced in the setting of optimal electrode placement. Simply increasing stimulation current tends only to propagate tremor severity and induce stimulation related side effects. The report by Paschen and colleagues of worsening tremor scores in the “On” vs. “Off” stimulation state over time, even after accounting for “rebound” tremor, supports the concept of habituation. However, these findings have not been consistent across all studies. Chronic high intensity stimulation has been hypothesized to induce detrimental plastic effects on tremor networks, with some lines of evidence that DT and ET may be more susceptible than Parkinson's tremor to habituation. However, Tsuboi and colleague's recent longitudinal follow-up in dystonic and “pure” essential tremor suggests otherwise. Alternatively, post-mortem findings support a biological adaption to stimulation. The prevalence and etiology of habituation is still not fully understood and management remains difficult. A recent study reported that alternating thalamic stimulation parameters at weekly intervals provided improved stability of tremor control consistent with reduced habituation. In this article the available evidence for habituation after DBS for tremor syndromes is reviewed; including its prevalence, time-course, possible mechanisms; along with expected long-term outcomes for tremor and factors that may assist in predicting, preventing and managing habituation.

scholarly journals Course of Social Participation in the First 2 Years After Stroke and Its Associations With Demographic and Stroke-Related Factors

2018 ◽  
Vol 32 (9) ◽  
pp. 821-833 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daan P. J. Verberne ◽  
Marcel W. M. Post ◽  
Sebastian Köhler ◽  
Leeanne M. Carey ◽  
Johanna M. A. Visser-Meily ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Social Participation ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Leisure Activities ◽  
Related Factors ◽  
Post Stroke ◽  
Rehabilitation Programs ◽  
Social Leisure ◽  
Participation Restrictions ◽  
Over Time

Background. Many persons with stroke experience physical, cognitive, and emotional problems that contribute to restrictions in social participation. There is, however, a lack of knowledge on the long-term course of participation over time post-stroke. Objective. To describe the time course of participation up to 2 years post-stroke and to identify which demographic and stroke-related factors are associated with this time course. Methods. This was a multicenter, prospective cohort study following 390 persons with stroke from hospital admission up to 2 years (at 2, 6, 12, and 24 months). Multilevel modeling with linear and quadratic time effects was used to examine the course of the frequency of vocational and social/leisure activities, experienced restrictions, and satisfaction with participation. Results. The frequency of vocational activities increased up to 1 year post-stroke and leveled off thereafter. Older and lower-educated persons showed less favorable courses of participation than younger and higher-educated persons, respectively. The frequency of social/leisure activities decreased post-stroke. Participation restrictions declined up to 1 year post-stroke and leveled off thereafter. Persons dependent in activities of daily living (ADL) kept experiencing more restrictions throughout time than independent persons. Satisfaction with participation increased slightly over time. Conclusions. Changes in participation occurred mostly in the first year post-stroke. Particularly older and lower-educated persons, and those dependent in ADL showed less favorable courses of participation up to 2 years post-stroke. Clinicians can apply these findings in identifying persons most at risk of long-term unfavorable participation outcome and, thus, target rehabilitation programs accordingly.

scholarly journals Serial invasions can disrupt the time course of ecosystem recovery

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vadim A Karatayev ◽  
Lars G Rudstam ◽  
Alexander Y Karatayev ◽  
Lyubov E Burlakova ◽  
Boris V Adamovich ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Time Course ◽  
Zebra Mussels ◽  
Ecosystem Dynamics ◽  
Ecosystem Recovery ◽  
Ecosystem Impacts ◽  
Quagga Mussels ◽  
Species Invasions ◽  
Invasion Impacts ◽  
Over Time

The impacts of species invasions can subside or amplify over time as ecosystems "adapt" or additional invaders arrive. These long-term changes provide important insights into ecosystem dynamics. Yet studies of long-term dynamics are rare, system-specific, and often confound species impacts with coincident environmental change. We track post-invasion changes shared across ecosystems and multiple decades, quantifying the response of seven key features to quagga and zebra mussels congeners that re-engineer and increasingly co-invade freshwaters. Six polymictic shallow lakes with long-term data sets reveal remarkably similar trends, with the strongest ecosystem impacts occurring within 5-10 years of zebra mussel invasion. Surprisingly, plankton communities then exhibited a partial, significant recovery. This recovery was absent, and impacts of initial invasion amplified, in lakes where quagga mussels outcompeted zebra mussels and more completely depleted phytoplankton. Thus, invasion impacts subside over time but can amplify with serial introductions of competing, even closely similar, taxa.

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