Adaptive and Maladaptive Neural Plasticity Due to Facial Nerve 					Palsy

Abstract. This paper reviews adaptive and maladaptive mechanisms of cortical plasticity in patients suffering from peripheral facial palsy. As the peripheral facial nerve is a pure motor nerve, a facial nerve lesion is causing an exclusive deefferentation without deafferentation. We focus on the question of how the investigation of pure deefferentation adds to our current understanding of brain plasticity which derives from studies on learning and studies on brain lesions. The importance of efference and afference as drivers for cortical plasticity is discussed in addition to the crossmodal influence of different competitive sensory inputs. We make the attempt to integrate the experimental findings of the effects of pure deefferentation within the theoretical framework of cortical responses and predictive coding. We show that the available experimental data can be explained within this theoretical framework which also clarifies the necessity for maladaptive plasticity. Finally, we propose rehabilitation approaches for directing cortical reorganization in the appropriate direction and highlight some challenging questions that are yet unexplored in the field.

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Subanesthetic ketamine reactivates adult cortical plasticity to restore vision from amblyopia

10.1101/2020.03.16.994475 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Steven F. Grieco ◽

Xin Qiao ◽

Xiaoting Zheng ◽

Yongjun Liu ◽

Lujia Chen ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Functional Recovery ◽

Neural Plasticity ◽

Cortical Plasticity ◽

Brain Plasticity ◽

Excitatory Input ◽

Inhibitory Neurons ◽

List Type ◽

Visual Cortical

SummarySubanesthetic ketamine evokes rapid and long-lasting antidepressant effects in human patients. The mechanism for ketamine’s effects remains elusive, but ketamine may broadly modulate brain plasticity processes. We show that single-dose ketamine reactivates adult mouse visual cortical plasticity and promotes functional recovery of visual acuity defects from amblyopia. Ketamine specifically induces down-regulation of neuregulin-1 (NRG1) expression in parvalbumin-expressing (PV) inhibitory neurons in mouse visual cortex. NRG1 downregulation in PV neurons co-tracks both the fast onset and sustained decreases in synaptic inhibition to excitatory neurons, along with reduced synaptic excitation to PV neurons in vitro and in vivo following a single ketamine treatment. These effects are blocked by exogenous NRG1 as well as PV targeted receptor knockout. Thus ketamine reactivation of adult visual cortical plasticity is mediated through rapid and sustained cortical disinhibition via downregulation of PV-specific NRG1 signaling. Our findings reveal the neural plasticity-based mechanism for ketamine-mediated functional recovery from adult amblyopia.Highlights○ Disinhibition of excitatory cells by ketamine occurs in a fast and sustained manner○ Ketamine evokes NRG1 downregulation and excitatory input loss to PV cells○ Ketamine induced plasticity is blocked by exogenous NRG1 or its receptor knockout○ PV inhibitory cells are the initial functional locus underlying ketamine’s effects

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Playing and Listening to Tailor-Made Notched Music: Cortical Plasticity Induced by Unimodal and Multimodal Training in Tinnitus Patients

Neural Plasticity ◽

10.1155/2014/516163 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 2014 ◽

pp. 1-10 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

Janna Pape ◽

Evangelos Paraskevopoulos ◽

Maximilian Bruchmann ◽

Andreas Wollbrink ◽

Claudia Rudack ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cortical Plasticity ◽

Brain Plasticity ◽

Temporal Cortex ◽

Cortical Reorganization ◽

Related Activity ◽

Music Making ◽

Sensory Modalities ◽

Posterior Parietal ◽

Multimodal Training ◽

The Individual

Background. The generation and maintenance of tinnitus are assumed to be based on maladaptive functional cortical reorganization. Listening to modified music, which contains no energy in the range of the individual tinnitus frequency, can inhibit the corresponding neuronal activity in the auditory cortex. Music making has been shown to be a powerful stimulator for brain plasticity, inducing changes in multiple sensory systems. Using magnetoencephalographic (MEG) and behavioral measurements we evaluated the cortical plasticity effects of two months of (a)activelistening to (unisensory) versus (b) learning to play (multisensory) tailor-made notched music in nonmusician tinnitus patients. Taking into account the fact that uni- and multisensory trainings induce different patterns of cortical plasticity we hypothesized that these two protocols will have different affects.Results. Only theactivelistening (unisensory) group showed significant reduction of tinnitus related activity of the middle temporal cortex and an increase in the activity of a tinnitus-coping related posterior parietal area.Conclusions. These findings indicate thatactivelistening to tailor-made notched music induces greater neuroplastic changes in the maladaptively reorganized cortical network of tinnitus patients while additional integration of other sensory modalities during training reduces these neuroplastic effects.

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Plasticity in visual cortex is disrupted in a mouse model of tauopathy and neurodegeneration

10.21203/rs.3.rs-602806/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Amalia Papanikolaou ◽

Fabio Rodrigues ◽

Joanna Holeniewska ◽

Keith Phillips ◽

Aman Saleem ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Visual Cortex ◽

Neural Plasticity ◽

Cortical Plasticity ◽

Brain Plasticity ◽

Early Stages ◽

Short And Long Term ◽

Intrinsic Plasticity ◽

Visual Cortical ◽

The Impact

Abstract Neurodegeneration is a hallmark of many dementias and thought to underlie a progressive impairment of neural plasticity. Previous work in mouse models of neurodegeneration shows pronounced changes in artificially-induced plasticity in hippocampus, perirhinal and prefrontal cortex. However, it is not known how neurodegeneration disrupts intrinsic forms of brain plasticity. Here we characterised the impact of tau-driven neurodegeneration on a simple form of intrinsic plasticity in the visual system, which allowed us to track plasticity at both long (days) and short (minutes) timescales. We studied rTg4510 transgenic mice at early stages of neurodegeneration (5 months) and a more advanced stage (8 months). We recorded local field potentials in the primary visual cortex while animals were repeatedly exposed to a stimulus over 9 days. We found that both short- and long-term visual plasticity were already disrupted at early stages of neurodegeneration, and further reduced in older animals, such that it was abolished in mice expressing mutant tau. Additionally, visually evoked behaviours were disrupted in both younger and older mice expressing mutant tau. Our results show that visual cortical plasticity and visually evoked behaviours are disrupted in the rTg4510 model of tauopathy.

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Recurrent bilateral peripheral facial palsy

The Journal of Laryngology & Otology ◽

10.1017/s0022215100108199 ◽

1989 ◽

Vol 103 (1) ◽

pp. 117-119 ◽

Cited By ~ 36

Author(s):

N. Stahl ◽

T. Ferit

Keyword(s):

Facial Nerve ◽

Facial Palsy ◽

Common Finding ◽

Facial Nerve Paralysis ◽

Nerve Paralysis ◽

Peripheral Facial Palsy ◽

Local Disease ◽

Idiopathic Facial Palsy

AbstractFacial nerve paralysis is a common otolaryngological diagnosis. Recurrent unilateral peripheral facial palsy is found in about 7 per cent of the cases. Simultaneous bilateral facial palsy is relatively uncommon and occurs in 0.3–2.0 per cent of cases of facial palsy. Recurrent. simultaneous, bilateral, idiopathic facial palsy to the best of our knowledge has never been reported. A case of recurrent, simultaneous, bilateral, idiopathic facial palsy is presented. No evidence of systemic or local disease was found in both attacks of peripheral facial palsies. The association with states of stress is the only common finding between the two attacks.

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Applying Basic Neuroscience to Aphasia Therapy

American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology ◽

10.1044/1058-0360.0404.88 ◽

1995 ◽

Vol 4 (4) ◽

pp. 88-93 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

Kristen A. Keefe

Keyword(s):

Learning And Memory ◽

Neural Plasticity ◽

Behavioral Interventions ◽

Cortical Reorganization ◽

Mammalian Brain ◽

Cortical Injury ◽

Aphasia Therapy ◽

Neural Processes ◽

Adult Mammalian Brain ◽

Environmental Demands

Advances in basic neuroscience have increased our knowledge about the neural processes underlying learning and memory and the cortical reorganization that occurs in response to environmental demands and cortical injury. This article provides a selective review of published studies conducted in animals that examine functional and structural substrates of neural plasticity in the adult mammalian brain, and discusses the implications of this knowledge for aphasia therapy. The processes and constraints identified in the studies reviewed can be used to refine and justify current aphasia therapies, as well as to design additional behavioral interventions.

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Use of low level laser therapy (LLLT) as an adjunct in treatment with combined therapies in patients with Peripheral Facial Palsy (PFP)

International Journal of Medical and Surgical Sciences ◽

10.32457/ijmss.v7i4.642 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 1-12

Author(s):

Mildren Baeza Castillo ◽

Rodrigo Quivira ◽

Cristian Bersezio Miranda

Keyword(s):

Minimally Invasive ◽

Facial Nerve ◽

Laser Therapy ◽

Facial Paralysis ◽

Facial Palsy ◽

Low Level Laser Therapy ◽

Low Level ◽

Low Level Laser ◽

Peripheral Facial Palsy ◽

Level Laser

Peripheral Facial Palsy is a neurological disorder that has motor and sensory consequences and affects the facial nerve. It causes alterations in the action of the muscles of the face, in the secretion of saliva, tears, and in the sense of taste. The objective of this publication is to report a case in which a treatment with minimally invasive combined therapies was performed together with the use of low-level laser therapy, in a 52-yearold female patient. With relevant medical history, referred for aesthetic evaluation and with unresolved moderate facial paralysis. She was subjected to laser therapy with wavelength (808 nm) and an energy of 3 Joules per session on the affected side, supplemented with Botulinum Toxin Type A, on the healthy side. The treatment of peripheral facial paralysis with minimally invasive combined therapies has proven to be a useful therapeutic tool for facial sequelae. In turn, low-level laser photobiomodulation therapy is promising as an adjunct in the nerve repair process, which would allow functional recovery of the facial nerve in the medium and long term.

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Mental Imagery Follows Similar Cortical Reorganization as Perception: Intra-Modal and Cross-Modal Plasticity in Congenitally Blind

Cerebral Cortex ◽

10.1093/cercor/bhy151 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 29 (7) ◽

pp. 2859-2875 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

A W de Borst ◽

B de Gelder

Keyword(s):

Visual Cortex ◽

Mental Imagery ◽

Cortical Plasticity ◽

Tactile Perception ◽

Cortical Reorganization ◽

Area V4 ◽

Congenitally Blind ◽

Early Visual Cortex ◽

Blind Individuals ◽

Discriminative Patterns

Abstract Cortical plasticity in congenitally blind individuals leads to cross-modal activation of the visual cortex and may lead to superior perceptual processing in the intact sensory domains. Although mental imagery is often defined as a quasi-perceptual experience, it is unknown whether it follows similar cortical reorganization as perception in blind individuals. In this study, we show that auditory versus tactile perception evokes similar intra-modal discriminative patterns in congenitally blind compared with sighted participants. These results indicate that cortical plasticity following visual deprivation does not influence broad intra-modal organization of auditory and tactile perception as measured by our task. Furthermore, not only the blind, but also the sighted participants showed cross-modal discriminative patterns for perception modality in the visual cortex. During mental imagery, both groups showed similar decoding accuracies for imagery modality in the intra-modal primary sensory cortices. However, no cross-modal discriminative information for imagery modality was found in early visual cortex of blind participants, in contrast to the sighted participants. We did find evidence of cross-modal activation of higher visual areas in blind participants, including the representation of specific-imagined auditory features in visual area V4.

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