scholarly journals Catchment-scale mapping of surface grain size in gravel bed rivers using airborne digital imagery

2004 ◽  
Vol 40 (7) ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrice E. Carbonneau ◽  
Stuart N. Lane ◽  
Normand E. Bergeron
Keyword(s):  
Grain Size ◽  
Digital Imagery ◽  
Catchment Scale ◽  
Gravel Bed ◽  
Gravel Bed Rivers

scholarly journals Geometry of meandering and braided gravel-bed threads from the Bayanbulak Grassland, Tianshan, P. R. China

2016 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 273-283 ◽  
Author(s):  
François Métivier ◽  
Olivier Devauchelle ◽  
Hugo Chauvet ◽  
Eric Lajeunesse ◽  
Patrick Meunier ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Grain Size ◽  
Scaling Laws ◽  
Sedimentary Basin ◽  
Bedload Transport ◽  
Braided River ◽  
Statistical Distributions ◽  
Meandering Rivers ◽  
Gravel Bed ◽  
Threshold Theory ◽  
Gravel Bed Rivers

Abstract. The Bayanbulak Grassland, Tianshan, P. R. China, is located in an intramontane sedimentary basin where meandering and braided gravel-bed rivers coexist under the same climatic and geological settings. We report and compare measurements of the discharge, width, depth, slope and grain size of individual threads from these braided and meandering rivers. Both types of threads share statistically indistinguishable regime relations. Their depths and slopes compare well with the threshold theory, but they are wider than predicted by this theory. These findings are reminiscent of previous observations from similar gravel-bed rivers. Using the scaling laws of the threshold theory, we detrend our data with respect to discharge to produce a homogeneous statistical ensemble of width, depth and slope measurements. The statistical distributions of these dimensionless quantities are similar for braided and meandering threads. This suggests that a braided river is a collection of intertwined threads, which individually resemble those of meandering rivers. Given the environmental conditions in Bayanbulak, we furthermore hypothesize that bedload transport causes the threads to be wider than predicted by the threshold theory.

scholarly journals A 2D hydrodynamic-sedimentological model for gravel-bed rivers. Part I: theory and validation

2013 ◽  
Vol 44 (2s) ◽  
Author(s):  
Gabriel Kaless ◽  
Mario A. Lenzi ◽  
Luca Mao
Keyword(s):  
Grain Size ◽  
Sediment Transport ◽  
Size Distribution ◽  
Grain Size Distribution ◽  
Gravel Bed ◽  
Bed Elevation ◽  
Shallow Water Flows ◽  
Morphological Model ◽  
Gravel Bed Rivers ◽  
Transported Material

This paper presents a novel 2D-depth average model especially developed for gravel-bed rivers, named Lican-Leufú (Lican=pebble and Leufu=river, in Mapuche’s language, the native inhabitants of Central Patagonia, Argentina). The model consists of three components: a hydrodynamic, a sedimentological, and a morphological model. The flow of water is described by the depth-averaged Reynolds equations for unsteady, free-surface, shallow water flows. It includes the standard k-e model for turbulence closure. Sediment transport can be divided in different size classes (sand-gravel mixture) and the equilibrium approach is used for Exner’s equation. The amour layer is also included in the structure of the model and the surface grain size distribution is also allowed to evolve. The model simulates bank slides that enable channel widening. Models predictions were tested against a flume experiment where a static armour layer was developed under conditions of sediment starvations and general good agreements were found: the model predicted adequately the sediment transport, grain size of transported material, final armour grain size distribution and bed elevation.

scholarly journals Effect of sediment pulse grain size on sediment transport rates and bed mobility in gravel bed rivers

2010 ◽  
Vol 115 (F3) ◽  
Author(s):  
J. G. Venditti ◽  
W. E. Dietrich ◽  
P. A. Nelson ◽  
M. A. Wydzga ◽  
J. Fadde ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Grain Size ◽  
Sediment Transport ◽  
Gravel Bed ◽  
Gravel Bed Rivers ◽  
Bed Mobility

scholarly journals Advanced Numerical Modeling of Sediment Transport in Gravel-Bed Rivers

Water ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 550 ◽  
Author(s):  
Van Bui ◽  
Minh Bui ◽  
Peter Rutschmann
Keyword(s):  
Grain Size ◽  
Sediment Transport ◽  
Size Distribution ◽  
Grain Size Distribution ◽  
Morphological Changes ◽  
Relative Size ◽  
Size Fraction ◽  
New Model ◽  
Gravel Bed ◽  
Gravel Bed Rivers

Understanding the alterations of gravel bed structures, sediment transport, and the effects on aquatic habitat play an essential role in eco-hydraulic and sediment transport management. In recent years, the evaluation of changes of void in bed materials has attracted more concern. However, analyzing the morphological changes and grain size distribution that are associated with the porosity variations in gravel-bed rivers are still challenging. This study develops a new model using a multi-layer’s concept to simulate morphological changes and grain size distribution, taking into account the porosity variabilities in a gravel-bed river based on the mass conservation for each size fraction and the exchange of fine sediments between the surface and subsurface layers. The Discrete Element Method (DEM) is applied to model infiltration processes and to confirm the effects of the relative size of fine sediment to gravel on the infiltration depth. Further, the exchange rate and the bed porosity are estimated while using empirical formulae. The new model was tested on three straight channels. Analyzing the calculated results and comparing with the observed data show that the new model can successfully simulate sediment transport, grain sorting processes, and bed change in gravel-bed rivers.

scholarly journals Introducing <i>PebbleCounts</i>: a grain-sizing tool for photo surveys of dynamic gravel-bed rivers

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 859-877 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benjamin Purinton ◽  
Bodo Bookhagen
Keyword(s):  
Grain Size ◽  
High Energy ◽  
High Mountain ◽  
Size Distributions ◽  
Mountain Rivers ◽  
Gravel Bed ◽  
Automated Method ◽  
Grain Size Distributions ◽  
Manual Selection ◽  
Gravel Bed Rivers

Abstract. Grain-size distributions are a key geomorphic metric of gravel-bed rivers. Traditional measurement methods include manual counting or photo sieving, but these are achievable only at the 1–10 m2 scale. With the advent of drones and increasingly high-resolution cameras, we can now generate orthoimagery over hectares at millimeter to centimeter resolution. These scales, along with the complexity of high-mountain rivers, necessitate different approaches for photo sieving. As opposed to other image segmentation methods that use a watershed approach, our open-source algorithm, PebbleCounts, relies on k-means clustering in the spatial and spectral domain and rapid manual selection of well-delineated grains. This improves grain-size estimates for complex riverbed imagery, without post-processing. We also develop a fully automated method, PebbleCountsAuto, that relies on edge detection and filtering suspect grains, without the k-means clustering or manual selection steps. The algorithms are tested in controlled indoor conditions on three arrays of pebbles and then applied to 12 × 1 m2 orthomosaic clips of high-energy mountain rivers collected with a camera-on-mast setup (akin to a low-flying drone). A 20-pixel b-axis length lower truncation is necessary for attaining accurate grain-size distributions. For the k-means PebbleCounts approach, average percentile bias and precision are 0.03 and 0.09 ψ, respectively, for ∼1.16 mm pixel−1 images, and 0.07 and 0.05 ψ for one 0.32 mm pixel−1 image. The automatic approach has higher bias and precision of 0.13 and 0.15 ψ, respectively, for ∼1.16 mm pixel−1 images, but similar values of −0.06 and 0.05 ψ for one 0.32 mm pixel−1 image. For the automatic approach, only at best 70 % of the grains are correct identifications, and typically around 50 %. PebbleCounts operates most effectively at the 1 m2 patch scale, where it can be applied in ∼5–10 min on many patches to acquire accurate grain-size data over 10–100 m2 areas. These data can be used to validate PebbleCountsAuto, which may be applied at the scale of entire survey sites (102–104 m2). We synthesize results and recommend best practices for image collection, orthomosaic generation, and grain-size measurement using both algorithms.

Toward bed state morphodynamics in gravel-bed rivers

2020 ◽  
Vol 44 (5) ◽  
pp. 700-726 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Lawson Adams
Keyword(s):  
Fluid Dynamics ◽  
Grain Size ◽  
Spatial Scales ◽  
Channel Stability ◽  
Channel Processes ◽  
Fluvial Systems ◽  
Gravel Bed ◽  
Relative Contribution ◽  
Gravel Bed Rivers ◽  
Channel Configuration

In fluvial geomorphology, one of the most pervasive paradigms is that the size of the grains present in a river exercises an important effect on its character. In gravel-bed rivers, there is considerable scatter in the relations between so-called “representative grain sizes” and basic channel processes and morphologies. Under a grain size paradigm, our ability to rationalize the characteristics of a given channel and predict how it will respond to a change in conditions is limited. In this paper, I deconstruct this paradigm by exploring its historical origins in geomorphology and fluid dynamics, and identify three of its underlying premises: (1) the association between grain diameter and fluid drag derived from Nikuradse’s experiments with sand-coated surfaces; (2) the use of grain size by early process geomorphologists to describe general trends across large samples of sand-bed rivers; and (3) a classificatory approach to discerning bed structures originally developed for bed configurations found in sand-bed rivers. The conflation of sand- and gravel-bed rivers limits our ability to understand gravel-bed morphodynamics. Longstanding critique of the grain size paradigm has generated alternative ideas but, due to technological and conceptual limitations, they have remained unrealized. One such unrealized idea is the morphology-based definition of bed state – an important degree of freedom within fluvial systems, particularly in reaches where adjustments to planform are not easily achieved. By embracing recent advancements in fluid dynamics and remote sensing, I present an alternative or complementary concept of bed state based on the notion that fluvial systems act to maximize flow resistance. The proposed quantitative index represents the relative contribution of morphologic adjustments occurring at different spatial scales (discriminated using a wavelet transform) to a stable channel configuration. By explicitly acknowledging the complexity of bed adjustments we can move toward a more complete understanding of channel stability in gravel-bed rivers.

scholarly journals Pioneer annual vegetation of gravel-bed rivers: first insights on environmental drivers from three Apennine streams

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rossano Bolpagni ◽  
Alice Dalla Vecchia
Keyword(s):  
Human Impacts ◽  
Sediment Quality ◽  
Woody Species ◽  
Plant Species Richness ◽  
Environmental Drivers ◽  
Catchment Scale ◽  
Herbaceous Vegetation ◽  
Plant Richness ◽  
Gravel Bed ◽  
Gravel Bed Rivers

A huge knowledge gap exists on riverine pioneer herbaceous vegetation. Despite its relevance in regulating the C metabolism at the catchment scale, and the triggering role in shrubs and trees establishment along riverbanks, little data is available on its environmental determinants. Indeed, most existing knowledge in this field refers to woody species or aquatic macrophytes neglecting the ecosystem relevance of ephemeral herbaceous vegetation. Focusing on three gravel bed rivers located in northern Italy (Baganza, Nure and Parma streams), the present study is aimed to evaluate the riverine ephemeral plant richness, considering both native and alien taxa, and the role of hydrogeomorphological disturbance and sediment quality in the observed richness patterns. At higher disturbance rates (e.g., larger river sizes), our data indicates a progressive decrease in overall plant richness, but also an increase in the coverage-abundance rates mainly due to alien species. This evidence confirms that variations in hydrology imply changes in pioneer plant species richness at in-stream periodically exposed sediments. More attention must be given to the vulnerability of pioneer vegetation to climate change and direct human impacts to fully understand the functioning of lotic ecosystems, especially the non-perennial ones.

scholarly journals The Grain-size Patchiness of Braided Gravel-Bed Streams – example of the Urumqi River (northeast Tian Shan, China)

2014 ◽  
Vol 37 ◽  
pp. 27-39 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Guerit ◽  
L. Barrier ◽  
C. Narteau ◽  
F. Métivier ◽  
Y. Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Grain Size ◽  
Coarse Grained ◽  
Gravel Bed ◽  
Transport Dynamics ◽  
Grain Sizes ◽  
River Bed ◽  
Braided Streams ◽  
Grain Size Distributions ◽  
Gravel Bed Rivers ◽  
Gravel Bed Streams

Abstract. In gravel-bed rivers, sediments are often sorted into patches of different grain-sizes, but in braided streams, the link between this sorting and the channel morpho-sedimentary elements is still unclear. In this study, the size of the bed sediment in the shallow braided gravel-bed Urumqi River is characterized by surface-count and volumetric sampling methods. Three morpho-sedimentary elements are identified in the active threads of the river: chutes at flow constrictions, which pass downstream to anabranches and bars at flow expansions. The surface and surface-layer grain-size distributions of these three elements show that they correspond to only two kinds of grain-size patches: (1) coarse-grained chutes, coarser than the bulk river bed, and (2) finer-grained anabranches and bars, consistent with the bulk river bed. In cross-section, the chute patches are composed of one coarse-grained top layer, which can be interpreted as a local armour layer overlying finer deposits. In contrast, the grain size of the bar-anabranch patches is finer and much more homogeneous in depth than the chute patches. Those patches, which are features of lateral and vertical sorting associated to the transport dynamics that build braided patterns, may be typical of active threads in shallow gravel-bed rivers and should be considered in future works on sorting processes and their geomorphologic and stratigraphic results.

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