Abstract
Background
Coronary and skeletal muscle microvascular dysfunction have been proposed as main factors in the pathogenesis of Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction (HFpEF). However, assessment of systemic arterial function has only been indirect thus far; most importantly, no direct link between systemic microvasculature and congestion, one of the core characteristics of the syndrome, has yet been investigated.
Purpose
To provide direct functional and anatomical characterisation of the systemic microvasculature and to explore in vivo parameters of capillary fluid extravasation and lymphatic clearance in HFpEF.
Methods
In 16 patients with HFpEF and 16 age- and sex-matched healthy controls (72±6 and 68±5 years, respectively) we determined peripheral microvascular filtration coefficient (proportional to vascular permeability and area) and isovolumetric pressure (above which lymphatic drainage cannot compensate for fluid extravasation) by venous occlusion plethysmography and collected a skin biopsy for vascular immunohistochemistry and gene expression analysis (TaqMan). Additionally, we measured brachial flow-mediated dilatation (FMD) and assessed by wire myography the vascular function of resistance arteries isolated from gluteal subcutaneous fat biopsies.
Results
Skin biopsies in patients with HFpEF showed rarefaction of small blood vessels (82±31 vs 112±21 vessels/mm2; p=0.003) and in ex-vivo analysis (n=6/group) we found defective relaxation of peripheral resistance arteries (p<0.001). Accordingly, post-ischaemic hyperaemic response (fold-change vs baseline, 4.6±1.6 vs 6.7±1.7; p=0.002) and FMD (3.9±2.1 vs 5.6±1.5%; p=0.014) were found to be reduced in patients with HFpEF compared to controls.
In the skin of patients with HFpEF we also observed a reduced number (85±27 vs 130±60 vessels/mm2; p=0.012) but larger average diameter of lymphatic vessels (42±19 vs 26±9 μm2; p=0.007) compared to control subjects. These changes were paralleled by reduced expression of LYVE1 (p<0.05) and PROX1 (p<0.001), key determinants of lymphatic differentiation and function.
Whilst patients with HFpEF had reduced peripheral capillary fluid extravasation compared to controls (microvascular filtration coefficient, leg 33.1±13.3 vs 48.4±15.2, p<0.01; trend for arm 49.9±20.5 vs 66.3±30.1, p=0.09), they had lower lymphatic clearance (isovolumetric pressure: leg 22±4 vs 16±4 mmHg, p<0.005; arm 25±5 vs 17±4 mmHg, p<0.001).
Conclusions
We provide direct evidence of systemic dysfunction and rarefaction of small blood vessels in patients with HFpEF. Despite a reduced microvascular filtration coefficient, which is in keeping with microvascular rarefaction, the clearance of extravasated fluid in HFpEF is limited by an anatomically and functionally defective lymphatic system.
Funding Acknowledgement
Type of funding source: Foundation. Main funding source(s): British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence Award
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