Gaseous ammonia fluxes and background concentrations in terrestrial ecosystems of the United States

1992 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 459-483 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. O. Langford ◽  
F. C. Fehsenfeld ◽  
J. Zachariassen ◽  
D. S. Schimel
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Terrestrial Ecosystems ◽  
The United States ◽  
Gaseous Ammonia ◽  
Background Concentrations

Cyber Defense as a part of Hazard Mitigation: Comparing High Hazard Potential Dam Safety Programs in the United States and Sweden

2016 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rosemary A. Burk ◽  
Jan Kallberg
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Cyber Security ◽  
Critical Infrastructure ◽  
Risk Mitigation ◽  
Self Regulation ◽  
Terrestrial Ecosystems ◽  
The United States ◽  
Dam Safety ◽  
Cyber Defense ◽  
Industrial Control Systems

AbstractCyber security tends to only address the technical aspects of the information systems. The lack of considerations for environmental long-range implications of failed cyber security planning and measures, especially in the protection of critical infrastructure and industrial control systems, have created ecological risks that are to a high degree unaddressed. This study compares dam safety arrangements in the United States and Sweden. Dam safety in the United States is highly regulated in many states, but inconsistent over the nation. In Sweden dam safety is managed by self-regulation. The study investigates the weaknesses and strengths in these regulatory and institutional arrangements from a cyber security perspective. If ecological and environmental concerns were a part of the risk evaluation and risk mitigation processes for cyber security, the hazard could be limited. Successful environmentally-linked cyber defense mitigates the risk for significant damage to domestic freshwater, aquatic and adjacent terrestrial ecosystems, and protects ecosystem function.

scholarly journals Effects of contemporary land-use and land-cover change on the carbon balance of terrestrial ecosystems in the United States

2018 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 045006 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benjamin M Sleeter ◽  
Jinxun Liu ◽  
Colin Daniel ◽  
Bronwyn Rayfield ◽  
Jason Sherba ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Land Use ◽  
Land Cover ◽  
Land Cover Change ◽  
Carbon Balance ◽  
Terrestrial Ecosystems ◽  
The United States

scholarly journals Precipitation and temperature drive continental-scale patterns in stream invertebrate production

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. eaav2348 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. J. Patrick ◽  
D. J. McGarvey ◽  
J. H. Larson ◽  
W. F. Cross ◽  
D. C. Allen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Secondary Production ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Terrestrial Ecosystems ◽  
The United States ◽  
Equation Modeling ◽  
Modeling Framework ◽  
Continental Scale ◽  
Temperature And Precipitation ◽  
Water Ecosystems

Secondary production, the growth of new heterotrophic biomass, is a key process in aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems that has been carefully measured in many flowing water ecosystems. We combine structural equation modeling with the first worldwide dataset on annual secondary production of stream invertebrate communities to reveal core pathways linking air temperature and precipitation to secondary production. In the United States, where the most extensive set of secondary production estimates and covariate data were available, we show that precipitation-mediated, low–stream flow events have a strong negative effect on secondary production. At larger scales (United States, Europe, Central America, and Pacific), we demonstrate the significance of a positive two-step pathway from air to water temperature to increasing secondary production. Our results provide insights into the potential effects of climate change on secondary production and demonstrate a modeling framework that can be applied across ecosystems.

scholarly journals The California Baseline Ozone Transport Study (CABOTS)

2020 ◽  
Vol 101 (4) ◽  
pp. E427-E445 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ian C. Faloona ◽  
Sen Chiao ◽  
Arthur J. Eiserloh ◽  
Raul J. Alvarez ◽  
Guillaume Kirgis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
National Standards ◽  
Background Concentrations ◽  
Transport Study ◽  
The North ◽  
Regulatory Strategies ◽  
Intercontinental Transport ◽  
Ozone Transport ◽  
Anthropogenic Contributions

Abstract Ozone is one of the six “criteria” pollutants identified by the U.S. Clean Air Act Amendment of 1970 as particularly harmful to human health. Concentrations have decreased markedly across the United States over the past 50 years in response to regulatory efforts, but continuing research on its deleterious effects have spurred further reductions in the legal threshold. The South Coast and San Joaquin Valley Air Basins of California remain the only two “extreme” ozone nonattainment areas in the United States. Further reductions of ozone in the West are complicated by significant background concentrations whose relative importance increases as domestic anthropogenic contributions decline and the national standards continue to be lowered. These background concentrations derive largely from uncontrollable sources including stratospheric intrusions, wildfires, and intercontinental transport. Taken together the exogenous sources complicate regulatory strategies and necessitate a much more precise understanding of the timing and magnitude of their contributions to regional air pollution. The California Baseline Ozone Transport Study was a field campaign coordinated across Northern and Central California during spring and summer 2016 aimed at observing daily variations in the ozone columns crossing the North American coastline, as well as the modification of the ozone layering downwind across the mountainous topography of California to better understand the impacts of background ozone on surface air quality in complex terrain.

scholarly journals Termite taxonomy from 2001–2021: the contribution of Zootaxa

Zootaxa ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 4979 (1) ◽  
pp. 222-223
Author(s):  
REGINALDO CONSTANTINO
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Insect Pests ◽  
Terrestrial Ecosystems ◽  
The United States ◽  
Coptotermes Formosanus ◽  
Agricultural Pests ◽  
Termite Species ◽  
Plant Matter ◽  
The World ◽  
The Tropics

Termites comprise a relatively small group of insects, with 3176 known species (2976 living and 200 fossil) (Constantino 2020).  They include, however, very important urban and agricultural pests, and also major decomposers of plant matter in terrestrial ecosystems, especially in the tropics.  For instance, the annual economic impact of a single invasive termite species, Coptotermes formosanus, was estimated as US$11 billion in the United States in 1999 (Su 2002), placing it among the most important insect pests in the world. 

scholarly journals Terrestrial Carbon Sinks for the United States Predicted from MODIS Satellite Data and Ecosystem Modeling

2007 ◽  
Vol 11 (13) ◽  
pp. 1-21 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher Potter ◽  
Steven Klooster ◽  
Alfredo Huete ◽  
Vanessa Genovese
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Pacific Northwest ◽  
Vegetation Index ◽  
Net Primary Production ◽  
Regional Climate ◽  
Terrestrial Ecosystems ◽  
Carbon Fluxes ◽  
The United States ◽  
Carbon Sinks ◽  
Modis Evi

Abstract A simulation model based on satellite observations of monthly vegetation cover from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) was used to estimate monthly carbon fluxes in terrestrial ecosystems of the conterminous United States over the period 2001–04. Predicted net ecosystem production (NEP) flux for atmospheric CO2 in the United States was estimated as annual net sink of about +0.2 Pg C in 2004. Regional climate patterns were reflected in the predicted annual NEP flux from the model, which showed extensive carbon sinks in ecosystems of the southern and eastern regions in 2003–04, and major carbon source fluxes from ecosystems in the Rocky Mountain and Pacific Northwest regions in 2003–04. As demonstrated through tower site comparisons, net primary production (NPP) modeled with monthly MODIS enhanced vegetation index (EVI) inputs closely resembles both the measured high- and low-season carbon fluxes. Modeling results suggest that the capacity of the NASA Carnegie Ames Stanford Approach (CASA) model to use 8-km resolution MODIS EVI data to predict peak growing season uptake rates of CO2 in irrigated croplands and moist temperate forests is strong.

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