Gender Stereotypes Reflect Sex Differences in Leadership Style

2001 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mary C. Johannesen-Schmidt ◽  
Claartje J. Vinkenburg ◽  
Alice H. Eagly
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Leadership Style ◽  
Gender Stereotypes

Gender and political leadership: Turkish experience

Leadership ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 13 (5) ◽  
pp. 615-638 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tuba Inal
Keyword(s):  
Women Leaders ◽  
Leadership Style ◽  
Gender Stereotypes ◽  
Women Politicians ◽  
Political Leadership ◽  
Analytical Framework ◽  
Women's Leadership ◽  
Political Leader ◽  
Leadership Model ◽  
Political Scene

Women’s political leadership has been ignored both in actual political scene of world’s democracies and by the studies of political leadership. The common perception in both areas has long been that gender difference makes women unfit leaders. More recent studies of gender and leadership as well as various women politicians, on the other hand, emphasized women’s fitness for leadership due to their gendered characteristics. This paper argues that using gender as a determining factor for good or bad political leadership endangers future leadership opportunities for women. An exploration of the experience of Turkey in the 1990s with a woman political leader, Tansu Çiller, and her leadership style in relation to her gender, demonstrates that while gender stereotypes make women’s political leadership to be perceived as ineffective, any argument that is made in its favor in gendered terms faces the risk of being refuted by actual experience hence delegitimizing women’s leadership altogether. Using Crosby and Bryson’s leadership model as an analytical framework to dissect Çiller’s political and ethical leadership and her use of gender in the Turkish context, we can see that gender itself does not make a leader more democratic or ethical and arguing so works against potential women leaders.

scholarly journals A hundred years of debates on sex differences: Developing research for social change

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 221-235
Author(s):  
Gabrielle Poeschl
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Gender Stereotypes ◽  
Lay Conceptions ◽  
Research Perspectives ◽  
Political Implications ◽  
Reinforcing Effects ◽  
And Gender ◽  
The Right ◽  
Over Time

After women secured the right to vote some hundred years ago, the assertions about their innate inferiority gradually began to vanish, giving way to theories about the countless aspects which apparently differentiated them from men. In this paper, we follow the evolution of research on sex differences, starting with the work of the first female psychologists who questioned the theories that justified women’s subordinate positions in society. We trace the main developments of the studies on sex differences, their relationship with social roles, gender stereotypes, and gender identity, and describe the strategies used to highlight the role of society rather than of biology in shaping men and women’s personalities and behaviors. We describe the controversies this area of research gave rise to, the debates over its political implications, and the changes observed over time in women’s social positions and within research perspectives. Finally, we discuss the mutually reinforcing effects of social organization and lay conceptions of gender and reflect on how the field of research on sex differences has contributed to building a fairer society.

"Is it a Boy or a Girl?" Anonymity and Gender in Computer-Mediated Interactions

2010 ◽  
pp. 100-120
Author(s):  
Katheryn C. Maguire
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Pilot Study ◽  
Gender Stereotypes ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Gender Identification ◽  
Computer Mediated ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Linguistic Cues ◽  
On Line ◽  
And Gender

This chapter examines the research on sex differences and gender identification in computer-mediated interaction (CMI), and presents a pilot study of synchronous, anonymous, one-to-one interactions, to understand the extent to which a person’s “real life” sex can be identified in CMIs as well as the stylistic and linguistic cues that “mark” someone as “male” or “female.” Although previous research has reported sex differences in a number of different variables (e.g., number of words, disagreements), analysis of the transcripts in this study revealed only one significant difference, in that men corrected themselves more often than women. Furthermore, participants correctly guessed the sex of their partner 62.5% of the time, felt approximately 65% sure of their guess, and used gender stereotypes to make their assessments. Implications for anonymity and CMI research are discussed, focusing on the conditions under which sex differences and gender stereotypes become relevant in on-line interactions.

Explorations into sex, gender and leadership in the UK Civil Service Part 1. Introduction, background and theoretical considerations

2015 ◽  
Vol 47 (5) ◽  
pp. 244-252 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tony Manning ◽  
Bob Robertson
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Literature Review ◽  
Glass Ceiling ◽  
Gender Stereotypes ◽  
Civil Service ◽  
Training And Development ◽  
Leadership Theories ◽  
Gender And Leadership ◽  
Content Type ◽  
The Uk

Purpose – This is the first of a three-part paper exploring the intersection between sex, gender and leadership in the UK Civil Service. The purpose of this paper is to introduce research by the authors into differences in the behaviour of men and women managers in the UK Civil Service, differences in 360 degree assessments of these behaviours and variations in the behaviours and assessments in different organisational contexts. This part of the paper sets the scene, and provides a literature review and a series of conjectures, derived from this review. Design/methodology/approach – This part of the paper outlines the training and development activities carried out by the authors and explains the target populations, the context in which managers operated and the part played by psychometric assessments in such activities. It then provides a literature review on the intersection of sex, gender and leadership. This looks at: the glass ceiling; leader preferences; gender stereotypes; gender stereotypes and leaders; attitudes towards women as leaders; leadership theories and gender stereotypes; sex differences in psychological traits; sex differences in leader behaviour and effectiveness. Finally, it presents a series of conjectures, derived from the literature review. Findings – The literature review shows that the playing field that constitutes managerial ranks continues to be tilted in favour of men and behaviours associated with the male stereotype, despite what leadership theories and field evidence would suggest. Research limitations/implications – The research was also a by-product of the authors’ training and development work, not a purpose-built research programme to explain the “glass ceiling”. It relates to the UK Civil Service and may not be relevant in other contexts. Practical implications – Later parts of the paper present prescriptions for minimising the impact of gender stereotypes, along with an evidence-based leadership framework. Training and development implications are presented. Findings are relevant to leaders, would be leaders and human resource professionals, including training and development specialists. Social implications – The vast majority of top leadership positions across the world are held by males rather than females. This prevents women from moving up the corporate ladder. This literature review describes the “glass ceiling” and explores what lies behind it. Originality/value – Research on sex differences in behaviour, gender stereotypes and situational differences in both, in the UK Civil Service, are all original. Of particular importance is the new evidence-based framework of leadership competences.

Technology and leadership styles: a review of trends between 2003 and 2021

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Pavitra Dhamija ◽  
Andrea Chiarini ◽  
Shara Shapla
Keyword(s):  
Job Satisfaction ◽  
Leadership Development ◽  
Organizational Performance ◽  
Leadership Styles ◽  
Leadership Style ◽  
Gender Stereotypes ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Behavioural Pattern ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Transformational Leadership Style

PurposeLeadership style denotes the behavioural pattern of a leader, which bears on employee's attitude, perception about organization, manager and job satisfaction. The existence of different styles has presented leadership from diverse perspectives related to individuals' personality and behaviour. The main objective of this article is to explore the association between leadership styles and technology, major themes in this area and what can be the future research directions of this work.Design/methodology/approachLeadership style denotes the behavioural pattern of leader, which bears on employee's attitude, perception about organization, manager and job satisfaction. The existence of different styles has presented leadership from diverse perspectives related to individuals' personality and behaviour. The present article aims to review significant work by eminent researchers towards technology and leadership styles in the form trends, annual scientific production; popular affiliations and sources, a three-field plot of countries, scholars and themes, most cited references, trending keywords, thematic analysis of leadership styles and technology research by taking insights from situational leadership theory.FindingsThe findings indicate connections between various keywords and provide interesting themes like transformational leadership style is connected to knowledge management, transactional leadership, empowering leadership, psychological capital and e-leadership. Similarly, leadership is connected to leadership development, gender stereotypes, emotional exhaustion, innovative leadership and organizational performance.Originality/valueThis review analysis of leadership styles and technology is in itself a novice contribution and first of its nature. The identified themes are presenting good knowledge and food for thought for future researches.

Is it a Boy or a Girl? Anonymity and Gender in Computer-Mediated Interactions

2011 ◽  
pp. 1590-1610
Author(s):  
Katheryn C. Maguire
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Pilot Study ◽  
Gender Stereotypes ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Gender Identification ◽  
Computer Mediated ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Linguistic Cues ◽  
On Line ◽  
And Gender

This chapter examines the research on sex differences and gender identification in computer-mediated interaction (CMI), and presents a pilot study of synchronous, anonymous, one-to-one interactions, to understand the extent to which a person’s “real life” sex can be identified in CMIs as well as the stylistic and linguistic cues that “mark” someone as “male” or “female.” Although previous research has reported sex differences in a number of different variables (e.g., number of words, disagreements), analysis of the transcripts in this study revealed only one significant difference, in that men corrected themselves more often than women. Furthermore, participants correctly guessed the sex of their partner 62.5% of the time, felt approximately 65% sure of their guess, and used gender stereotypes to make their assessments. Implications for anonymity and CMI research are discussed, focusing on the conditions under which sex differences and gender stereotypes become relevant in on-line interactions.

scholarly journals The Mediating Effect on Self-Efficacy in The Relationship Between Gender Identity and Leadership Style

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Sabine Sabine Pohl ◽  
Pascale Desrumaux ◽  
Anne-Marie Vonthron
Keyword(s):  
Gender Identity ◽  
Leadership Styles ◽  
Leadership Style ◽  
Gender Stereotypes ◽  
Self Efficacy ◽  
Mediating Effect ◽  
Intellectual Stimulation ◽  
Leadership Roles ◽  
Female Leaders ◽  
The Relationship

According to role congruence theory (Eagly & Karau, 2002), it is not the evaluative content of the stereotype of women but its mismatch with leadership roles that underlies women discrimination with regards to leadership roles. The current study sought to establish whetherleader’s gender identity or the extent to which the leader possesses traits associated with traditional gender stereotypes may explain leadership styles.Using a sample of 163 managers working within bank and personal care services, results show that among both male and female leaders, masculine gender identity was more strongly related to group-focused transformational leadership (charisma, inspirational motivation and idealized influence), transformational intellectual stimulation leadership and to transactional leadership styles. Furthermore, the results show that masculine leadership self-efficacy mediates the relationship between gender identity and leadership styles.  Results are discussed in relation to previous research.

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