People See Black Men as Larger, More Threatening Than Same-Sized White Men

Abstract Background Prostate cancer among black men is known to have specific molecular characteristics, especially the androgen receptor or enzymes related to the androgen metabolism. These targets are keys to the action of new hormonal therapies. Nevertheless, literature has a lack of data regarding black men. We aimed to gather the available literature data on new hormonal therapies among black populations. Methods We conducted a literature review from the PubMed / MEDLINE database until October 2020. All clinical studies of new hormonal therapies and black populations, regardless of methodology, were included. Results Four studies provided data on new hormonal therapies in black populations. Three studies reported a PSA decline in black patients treated with Abiraterone, higher in black men than in white men. Overall survival also appears to be higher in black patients treated with Abiraterone only or first. Conclusion Few articles have evaluated the effectiveness and safety of use of these treatments among black populations. The first results seem to show that Abiraterone can provide a benefit in overall survival in black populations. Prospective studies are needed to answer these questions in the future.

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Abstract 15642: Race Sex Disparities in Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease in Hospitalized Patients With Diabetes, 2005-2015 Potential Warning Signs for Future U.S. Public Health

Circulation ◽

10.1161/circ.142.suppl_3.15642 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 142 (Suppl_3) ◽

Author(s):

Gursukhman Sidhu ◽

Charisse J Ward ◽

Keith Ferdinand

Keyword(s):

Cardiovascular Disease ◽

Renal Failure ◽

Black Women ◽

Black Men ◽

Odds Ratio ◽

White Men ◽

The United States ◽

Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease ◽

Secondary Diagnosis ◽

The U.S

Introduction: Despite a recent gradually slowing and perhaps recent increase in the burden of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) related hospitalization in the United States population with diabetes, it is unclear whether the prior downward trend was uniform or there was an unbalanced division amongst sex and race. Methods: Adults aged ≥40 years old with comorbid diabetes as a secondary diagnosis were identified using the U.S. 2005-2015 National (Nationwide) Inpatient Sample (NIS) data. The prevalence of other modifiable cardiovascular risk factors (hypertension, dyslipidemia, smoking/substance abuse, obesity, and renal failure), procedures like major amputations in the secondary diagnosis field and their association with ASCVD (acute coronary syndrome (ACS), coronary artery disease (CAD), stroke, or peripheral arterial disease (PAD)) as the first-listed diagnosis were determined. Complex samples multivariate regression was used to determine the odds ratio (O.D.) with 95% confidence limits (C.L.s). Sex and race risk-adjusted ASCVD related in-hospital mortality rates were estimated. Results: The rate of total ASCVD hospitalizations adjusted to the U.S. census population increased by 5.7% for black men compared to 4% for black women cumulatively compared to a stable downtrend in white men and white women. There was a higher odd of an ASCVD hospitalizations if there was comorbid hypertension (Odds Ratio (OR 1.29; 95% Confidence Interval (CI) 95% 1.28 - 1.31), dyslipidemia (OR 2.03; 95% CI 2.01 - 2.05), renal failure (OR 1.84; 95% CI 1.82 - 1.86), and smoking/substance use disorder (OR 1.31; 95% CI 1.29 - 1.33). When compared to white men, black men (OR 1.43; 95% CI 1.3 - 1.57) and black women (OR 1.15; 95% CI 1.04 - 1.27) had a higher likelihood of undergoing a major limb amputation during an ASCVD hospitalization. Conclusions: Blacks with diabetes continue to have a higher hospitalizations burden with a concomitant disparity in procedures and outcomes.

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Abstract 15232: Lifetime Risk of Nontraumatic Lower-extremity Amputation: The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study

Circulation ◽

10.1161/circ.142.suppl_3.15232 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 142 (Suppl_3) ◽

Author(s):

Ning Ding ◽

Yejin Mok ◽

Yingying Sang ◽

Maya Salameh ◽

Weihong Tang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Black Women ◽

Lower Extremity ◽

Black Men ◽

White Men ◽

Lower Extremity Amputation ◽

Lifetime Risk ◽

Area Deprivation ◽

Low Ses ◽

Traumatic Amputation ◽

Extremity Amputation

Introduction: Nontraumatic lower-extremity amputation is a serious clinical outcome. Major risk factors include peripheral artery disease and diabetic neuropathy. Although incidence rates of amputation have been reported, no lifetime risk estimates are available. Hypothesis: The lifetime risk of amputation is higher in men, blacks, and those of low socioeconomic status (SES). Methods: In 15,744 ARIC participants aged 45-64 at baseline (1987-89), we estimated the lifetime risk of amputation through age 80 by race-sex and race-SES using Fine and Gray’s proportional subhazards model accounting for the competing risk of death. This method is optimal for time-fixed exposures and thus our primary exposures are sex and race. SES included education, annual family income, and the Area Deprivation Index linked to census tract geocoding. Non-traumatic amputation was identified from hospitalization ICD codes (e.g., 84.1, Z89.4) and related operation codes. Results: There were 253 non-traumatic amputations during a median follow up of 29 years. Lifetime risk of amputation at age 80 was highest in black men (4.6%), followed by black women (2.8%), white men (1.1%) and white women (0.7%) ( Figure ). Blacks of low SES showed the highest lifetime risk (4.5%). Blacks with high SES had a higher lifetime risk of amputation than whites with low SES. The pattern was consistent when we investigated each of education (≤ vs. > high school), income (< vs. ≥$25,000) and Area Deprivation Index (< vs. ≥ race-specific median), separately. Conclusions: In this population-based cohort 5% of black men and 3% of black women experienced a non-traumatic amputation during their lifetime, while only 1% of white men and women had a hospitalization for amputation. The lifetime risk was higher among those with lower SES in both race groups. Future public health and primary care efforts should emphasize risk factor management (e.g., diabetes and smoking) among racial minority groups and those with low SES.

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The prevalence of prostate cancer in Brazil is higher in Black men than in White men: systematic review and meta-analysis

International braz j urol ◽

10.1590/s1677-55382012000400002 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 38 (4) ◽

pp. 440-447 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Frederico R. Romero ◽

Antonio W. Romero ◽

Rui Manuel S. de Almeida ◽

Renato Tambara Filho

Keyword(s):

Prostate Cancer ◽

Systematic Review ◽

Black Men ◽

Meta Analysis ◽

White Men

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Hierarchy of Covid-19-Related Flu Symptoms According to Sex and Color or Race in Reports of Patients with Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome in Brazil

Advances in Research ◽

10.9734/air/2020/v21i1130271 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 67-78

Author(s):

João Francisco Severo- Santos ◽

Dimítria Dahmer Santos

Keyword(s):

Logistic Regression ◽

Black Women ◽

Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽

Prediction Model ◽

Black Men ◽

Muscle Pain ◽

Socioeconomic Inequality ◽

Racial Diversity ◽

Binary Logistic Regression ◽

White Men

The COVID-19 is a disease that presents a wide variety of combinations and intensities of symptoms, characteristic of a Flu Syndrome (FS), which can quickly evolve to a Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS). The objectives of this study were to evaluate the hierarchy of symptoms of FS in patients with SARS caused by COVID-19 and to develop a prediction model for potential cases based on sex and race. Binary logistic regression modeling was used in 405,419 records selected from the database of the Ministry of Health of Brazil. It was found that men were more affected by the disease, with a 15.5% higher risk than women. They also died more, with a 13.8% and 15% higher risk for all causes and for COVID-19, respectively. The chances of more than one non-white patient dying from all causes ranged from 18.4% to 38.7% and for Covid-19 it ranged from 16.7% to 64.3% according to race. Fever, muscle pain and loss of smell or taste alternate in the first three positions of the symptom hierarchy, according to sex and race. Cough was only relevant for white men and sore throat for black men. Vomiting was only relevant for black women. The best prediction model developed encompassed seven symptoms adjusted for age, sex and race, but was able to explain only 63% of the cases of COVID-19. Possibly racial diversity, and the socioeconomic inequality associated with it, make the challenge of estimating probabilities of infection by COVID-19, based on symptoms, more complicated in Brazil than in other countries.

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The Employment Effects of Wage Discrimination against Black Men

ILR Review ◽

10.1177/001979399604900208 ◽

1996 ◽

Vol 49 (2) ◽

pp. 302-316 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Marjorie L. Baldwin ◽

William G. Johnson

Keyword(s):

Black Men ◽

Wage Differential ◽

White Men ◽

Wage Discrimination ◽

Employment Rate ◽

Employment Effects ◽

Black And White ◽

Relative Employment ◽

The Difference ◽

Employment Rates

When labor supply curves are upward-sloping, wage discrimination against black men reduces not only their relative wages, but also their relative employment rates. Using data from the 1984 Survey of Income and Program Participation, the authors estimate wage discrimination against black men and, for the first time, quantify the effects of that discrimination on the employment of black and white men. They find that 62% of the difference in offer wages to black and white men, and 67% of the difference in their observed wages, cannot be attributed to differences in productivity. Assuming that the unexplained wage differential is attributable entirely to employer discrimination, then the disincentive effects of wage discrimination reduced the relative employment rate of black men from 89% to 82% of white men's employment rate. Thus, wage discrimination and its employment effects resulted in a substantial transfer of resources from blacks to whites in 1984.

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Abstract MP050: Race and Gender Group Specific Trends in Length of Stay for Acute Myocardial Infarction: The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study, 1987–2008

Circulation ◽

10.1161/circ.125.suppl_10.amp050 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 125 (suppl_10) ◽

Author(s):

Laura R Loehr ◽

Xiaoxi Liu ◽

C. Baggett ◽

Cameron Guild ◽

Erin D Michos ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Black Women ◽

Length Of Stay ◽

Black Men ◽

White Women ◽

White Men ◽

Quadratic Term ◽

Race And Gender ◽

Insurance Type ◽

And Gender ◽

Aric Study

Introduction: Since the 1980’s, length of stay (LOS) for acute MI (AMI) has declined in the US. However, little is known about trends in LOS for non-white racial groups and whether change in LOS is related to insurance type or hospital complications. Methods: We determined 22 year trends in LOS for nonfatal (definite or probable) AMI among black and white residents age 35–74 in 4 US communities (N=396,514 in 2008 population) under surveillance in the ARIC Study. Events were randomly sampled and independently validated using a standardized algorithm. All analyses accounted for sampling scheme. We excluded MI events which started after admission (n=1,677), events within 28 days for the same person (n=3,817), hospital transfers (n=571), and those with LOS=0 or LOS >66 (top 0.5% of distribution, N= 144) leaving 22,258 weighted events for analysis. The average annual change in log LOS was modeled using weighted linear regression with year as a quadratic term. All models adjusted for age and secondary models adjusted for insurance type (Medicare, Medicaid, private, or other), and complications during admission (cardiac arrest, cardiogenic shock, or heart failure). Results: The average age-adjusted LOS from 1987 to 2008 was reduced by 5 days in black men (9.5 to 4.5 days); 4.6 days in white women (9.4 to 4.8 days); 4 days in white men (8.3 to 4.3 days) and 3.6 days in black women (9.0 to 5.4 days). Between 1987 and 2008, the age-adjusted average annual percent change (with 95% CI) in LOS was largest for white men at −4.40 percent per year (−4.91, −3.89) followed by −3.89 percent (−4.52, −3.26) for white women, −3.72 percent (−4.46, −2.89) for black men, and −2.94 percent (−3.92, −1.96) for black women (see Figure). Adjustment for insurance type, and complications did not change the pattern by race and gender. Conclusions: Between 1987 and 2008, LOS for AMI declined significantly and similarly in men and women, blacks and whites. These changes appear independent of differences in insurance type and hospital complications among race-gender groups.

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Abstract P001: Retirement Age And 20-year Cognitive Decline: The Atherosclerosis Risk In Communities Neurocognitive Study

Circulation ◽

10.1161/circ.143.suppl_1.p001 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 143 (Suppl_1) ◽

Author(s):

Albert Liu ◽

Mehul D Patel ◽

Alden L Gross ◽

Thomas Mosley ◽

Andreea Rawlings ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Black Women ◽

Cognitive Decline ◽

Black Men ◽

Occupational Status ◽

White Men ◽

Men And Women ◽

Atherosclerosis Risk In Communities ◽

Status Score ◽

Lower Baseline ◽

Atherosclerosis Risk

Background: The effect of retirement on cognitive functioning is not clear. We examined the association between age at retirement, midlife occupation, and cognitive decline in the large Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) biracial community-based cohort. Methods: Retirement status after ARIC visit 4 (1996-98) was reported in annual follow-up questionnaires administered in 1999-2007 (n= 8,426), and classified as occurring before or after age 70. Current or most recent occupation at visit 1 (1987-89) was categorized based on 1980 US census major occupation groups and tertiles of Nam-Powers-Boyd occupational status score (a measure of socioeconomic status of occupations, hereby used as a proxy for occupational complexity). Generalized estimating equation models were used to examine the associations of retirement with trajectories of a global cognitive factor score, assessed in 1990-92 (visit 2), 1996-98 (visit 4) and 2011-2013 (visit 5). Models were a priori stratified by race and sex and adjusted for demographics and comorbidities. To account for attrition, we also performed multiple imputation by chained equations. Results: Retirement before age 70 is associated with higher educational level and higher occupational status score in white men and women, and in black men. We observed associations between retirement before age 70 and lower baseline cognitive scores, as well as slower cognitive decline in white men and women, and in black men (Figure). The results did not change substantially after adjusting for the occupational status score or accounting for attrition. Conclusion: Retirement before age 70 was significantly associated with lower baseline cognitive scores and slower cognitive decline in whites and in black men. The lack of similar associations in black women and the investigation of reasons for the observed associations warrant further research.

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