The protective effect of social ties on social exclusion

Why are women socially excluded in fields dominated by men? Beyond the barriers associated with any minority group’s mere numerical underrepresentation, we theorized that gender stereotypes exacerbate the social exclusion of women in science, technology, engineering, and math (STEM) workplaces, with career consequences. Although widely discussed, clear evidence of these relationships remains elusive. In a sample of 1,247 STEM professionals who work in teams, we tested preregistered hypotheses that acts of gendered social exclusion are systematically associated with both men’s gender stereotypes (Part 1) and negative workplace outcomes for women (Part 2). Combining social network metrics of inclusion and reaction time measures of implicit stereotypes (the tendency to “think STEM, think men”), this study provides unique empirical evidence of the chilly climate women often report experiencing in STEM. Men with stronger implicit gender stereotypes had fewer social ties to female teammates. In turn, women (but not men) with fewer incoming cross-gender social ties reported worse career fit and engagement. Moderated mediation revealed that for women (but not men), cross-gender social exclusion was linked to more negative workplace outcomes via lower social fit. Effects of social exclusion were distinct from respect. We discuss the possible benefits of fostering positive cross-gender social relationships to promote women’s professional success in STEM.

Download Full-text

Ethnic Minority Health and Employment: Ethnic Differences in the Protective Effect of Close Social Ties

Journal of International Migration and Integration / Revue de l integration et de la migration internationale ◽

10.1007/s12134-018-0605-x ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 20 (2) ◽

pp. 619-638

Author(s):

Jasmijn Slootjes ◽

Sawitri Saharso ◽

Saskia Keuzenkamp

Keyword(s):

Protective Effect ◽

Ethnic Minority ◽

Ethnic Differences ◽

Minority Health ◽

Social Ties

Download Full-text

Wasted talent: Battling exclusionary forces among senior entrepreneurs

The International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Innovation ◽

10.1177/1465750318809448 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 20 (2) ◽

pp. 130-143 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

William F Martin ◽

Harold Welsch

Keyword(s):

Social Capital ◽

Business Cycle ◽

Social Exclusion ◽

Career Paths ◽

Social Ties ◽

Demographic Changes ◽

Self Employment ◽

The Business Cycle

One of the phenomena involving social exclusion is the barriers to confronting senior entrepreneurs, silver entrepreneurs or older entrepreneurs. Often forced into retirement prematurely, they still have a long and potentially productive career ahead of them via self-employment. They can do whatever they dreamed of doing but never had the chance. This study examines demographic changes in society and the alternative career paths that influence retired individuals via social capital. Conceptually, it is held that many social ties are positively related to founding behaviour. Potential founders often require a variety of executive resources before and during the founding process. We found that older entrepreneurs arrange their social capital, which they have nurtured along their previous career, with specific resources needed at each stage of the business cycle.

Download Full-text

Equal Protection? Differential Effects of Religious Attendance on Black-White Older Adult Mortality

Innovation in Aging ◽

10.1093/geroni/igaa057.1271 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 4 (Supplement_1) ◽

pp. 395-395

Author(s):

Ellen Idler

Keyword(s):

African Americans ◽

Protective Effect ◽

Social Determinants ◽

Social Ties ◽

Later Life ◽

Adult Mortality ◽

Social Determinant ◽

Religious Attendance ◽

Equal Protection ◽

Frequent Attendance

Abstract Social determinants of later life population health are “the circumstances in which we are born, grow up, live, work, and age” usually identified as power and status determinants: income, wealth, and education. Although rarely considered a social determinant of health, religious social ties are a familiar “circumstance” for many older persons, and there is considerable evidence linking religious attendance to all-cause mortality. There are race differences in both religiosity and mortality patterns: Black Americans show higher levels of both religious attendance and mortality compared with white Americans. This raises the question of equal protection of religious attendance: Is the protective effect of religious attendance on mortality weaker, stronger, or the same for whites and African Americans? The analysis employs 10-year longitudinal data from the Health and Retirement Study, 2004-2014 (N=18,346). In stratified models, after adjustment for sociodemographic factors and health, African Americans have a hazard ratio (HR) for frequent attendance at services that is more protective than for whites: .48 (95%CI: .35, .67) compared with .61 (95%CI: .53, .70). Health behaviors mediate 19% of the effect for blacks and 26% for whites; other social ties mediate 12.5% of the effect for blacks and 7% for whites. An interaction test shows a more protective effect of frequent attendance for blacks compared with whites (p<.000). Religious attendance may be more beneficial for African Americans who are multiply disadvantaged with respect to other social determinants of health. The mediation patterns also suggest that the mechanisms of effect for blacks and whites may differ.

Download Full-text

Social exclusion in Ukraine: features and forms of manifestation in modern society

Regional Economy ◽

10.36818/1562-0905-2020-2-12 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 144-152

Author(s):

Mariya Karpyak

Keyword(s):

Social Exclusion ◽

Social Services ◽

Social Ties ◽

Social Systems ◽

Modern Society ◽

Reform Process ◽

Social Phenomena ◽

Categorical Analysis ◽

The Impact ◽

Ukrainian Society

Modern socio-economic transformations and the development of ideas of universalization of individual rights and needs emphasize the urgency of overcoming the new forms of inequality and finding effective mechanisms for consolidation and integration of social systems to avoid negative social phenomena that threaten national security, preventing the exclusion of certain groups from public life, forming the stable social ties and interpersonal cooperation, which is an important condition for the successful development of the state and society as a whole. The changes taking place in Ukraine today are marked by the ambivalence of their impact: on the one hand, there are positive changes towards the necessary reforms, on the other – the aggravation of social tensions due to instability, bottlenecks or imperfections of the reform process itself, increasing income gaps and limiting the access of large sections of the population to resources, including basic social services, etc. Despite the significant number of scientific papers on the phenomenon of social exclusion, the issue of substantiation of the forms and features of social exclusion, as well as the dynamics of its spread in Ukrainian society remains insufficiently elaborated. Thus, the purpose of this article is to study the phenomenon of social exclusion in Ukrainian society. In the context of the study, the reasons underlying the formation of the phenomenon of social exclusion in Ukraine in the early stages of statehood are substantiated, the problems that determine its spread in modern Ukrainian society, and the consequences of the impact on society are highlighted. A categorical analysis of the phenomenon of social exclusion is carried out, in particular by forms of manifestation, criteria and factors, scale of distribution, levels of formation, and nature of social ties. Based on the analysis, the peculiarities of the manifestation of social exclusion in Ukraine at different stages of development of Ukrainian society are revealed.

Download Full-text

Association between poverty indicators and social relations

Journal of Poverty and Social Justice ◽

10.1332/175982720x15966472176159 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 28 (3) ◽

pp. 401-423

Author(s):

Fruzsina Albert ◽

Gábor Hajdu

Keyword(s):

Social Integration ◽

Social Exclusion ◽

Social Relations ◽

Social Relationship ◽

Social Ties ◽

Material Deprivation ◽

Income Poverty ◽

Representative Data ◽

Nationally Representative ◽

Poverty Indicators

We analyse the association between poverty indicators and social relations using nationally representative data from Hungary. We focus on four poverty indicators (the three standard indicators of Eurostat and perceived financial problems) and a rich set of social relationship indicators (18 variables). Material deprivation is the most strongly linked to the measures of social ties and social integration, whereas income poverty is associated the least strongly with them. Although income poverty is probably the most widely used poverty indicator, our results suggest that material deprivation and even subjective poverty reflect better the multidimensional nature of poverty and social exclusion.

Download Full-text