HIV Treatment May Help Reduce Severity of Mental Impairment in Children with HIV Infection

2007 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Hiv Treatment ◽  
Mental Impairment

scholarly journals Viral hauntology: Specters of AIDS in infrastructures of gay sexual sociability

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kristian Møller ◽  
Chase Ledin
Keyword(s):  
Viral Load ◽  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Case Studies ◽  
Viral Transmission ◽  
Hiv Treatment ◽  
Social Lives ◽  
Medical Regimen ◽  
Somatic Condition ◽  
Exposure Prophylaxis ◽  
Hiv Negative

In recent years, HIV treatment has become so effective that a patients’ viral load can become so low that it is undetectable, which in turn reduces the risk of viral transmission to zero. At the same time for people who are HIV negative, the use of the medical regimen “pre-exposure prophylaxis”, or “PrEP”, reduces the risk of HIV infection by 92%-99%. In case studies of "the PrEP whore" and health disclosure on gay hookup apps, we think about HIV/AIDS not only as a somatic condition affecting a body, but also as a socio-technical matter. We argue that our concept of "viral hauntology" allows us to think deeply about how “old” technologies and their social lives fold over and into new ones, and how the folding process “drags” in order to imagine other, more inclusive, gay socio-sexual futures.

The Continuous Surveillance of InSTI resistance could be an important Public Health Tool in the Fight against HIV Infection

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giuseppa Visalli ◽  
Alessio Facciolà ◽  
Maria Giovanna Costanzo ◽  
Angela Di Pietro
Keyword(s):  
Drug Resistance ◽  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Hiv Treatment ◽  
Large Cohort ◽  
University Hospital ◽  
Hiv Positive ◽  
Percentage Increase ◽  
Resistance Mutations ◽  
Hiv Test ◽  
Resistance Tests

Aims: To evaluate the frequency of the InSTIs mutations in a large cohort of HIV-infected people. Background: The Highly Active Anti-Retroviral Therapy (HAART) allow turning HIV infection from a fatal disease to a chronic infection and Integrase Strand Transfer Inhibitors (InSTIs) represent the cornerstone of this treatment. However, the spread of HIV-1 drug resistance mutations represents an emerging threat to the long-term success of HIV treatment programs. Objectives: To evaluate the trend of the HIV drug resistance to InSTIs in a large cohort of HIV-positive people in order to assess the risk represented by these subjects in the spread of the HIV infection to the community. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted analysing all the InSTIs resistance tests performed in HIV positive subjects in the period 2017-2019 by the HIV Laboratory of the University Hospital "Gaetano Martino" of Messina, Italy. Results: In 2017-2019, 252 InSTIs resistance tests were performed of which 59 (23.4%), 88 (34.9%) and 105 (41.7%) respectively in the three considered years. Overall, 28 (11.1%) samples showed resistance to at least one of the four InSTIs. We observed a significant percentage increase of 95% about the resistance to all the four drugs. Conclusion: Because the InSTI resistance is not rare, a continuous surveillance can represent nowadays, together with an incessant health education and a wide offer of the HIV test, the most important tool in the fight against HIV infection.

scholarly journals TREM-1 Protects HIV-1-Infected Macrophages from Apoptosis through Maintenance of Mitochondrial Function

mBio ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Grant R. Campbell ◽  
Rachel K. To ◽  
Stephen A. Spector
Keyword(s):  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Myeloid Cells ◽  
Hiv Treatment ◽  
Caspase 9 ◽  
Acute Hiv Infection ◽  
Antiapoptotic Proteins ◽  
Bcl2 Family ◽  
Cytopathic Effects ◽  
Hiv Eradication ◽  
Mitofusin 1

ABSTRACT Macrophages are a reservoir for latent human immunodeficiency type 1 (HIV) infection and a barrier to HIV eradication. In contrast to CD4+ T cells, macrophages are resistant to the cytopathic effects of acute HIV infection. Emerging data suggest a role for TREM1 (triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 1) in this resistance to HIV-mediated cytopathogenesis. Here, we show that upon HIV infection, macrophages increase the expression of BCL2, BCLXL, TREM1, mitofusin 1 (MFN1), and MFN2 and the translocation of BCL2L11 (BIM) to the mitochondria and decrease the expression of BCL2-associated agonist of cell death (BAD) and BAX while maintaining a 95% survival rate over 28 days. The HIV proteins Tat and gp120 and the GU-rich single-stranded RNA (ssRNA) (RNA40) from the HIV long terminal repeat region (and a natural Toll-like receptor 8 [TLR8] agonist) induced similar effects. TREM1 silencing in HIV-infected macrophages led to decreased expression of BCL2, BCLXL, MFN1, and MFN2 and increased expression of BAD and BAX. This correlated with a significant increase in apoptosis mediated by a disruption of the mitochondrial membrane potential (Δψm), leading to the release of cytochrome c and caspase 9 cleavage. Exposure of TREM1-silenced macrophages to Tat, gp120, or RNA40 similarly resulted in the disruption of Δψm, cytochrome c release, caspase 9 cleavage, and apoptosis. Thus, our findings identify a mechanism whereby HIV promotes macrophage survival through TREM1-dependent upregulation of BCL2 family proteins and mitofusins that inhibits BCL2L11-mediated disruption of Δψm and subsequent apoptosis. These findings indicate that TREM1 can be a useful target for elimination of the HIV reservoir in macrophages. IMPORTANCE The major challenge to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) treatment is the development of strategies that lead to viral eradication. A roadblock to accomplishing this goal is the lack of an approach that would safely eliminate HIV from all resting/latent reservoirs, including macrophages. Macrophages are a key part of the innate immune system and are responsible for recognizing invading microbes and sending appropriate signals to other immune cells. Here, we found that HIV induces the upregulation of the protein TREM1 (triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 1), which signals an increase in the expression of antiapoptotic proteins, thus promoting survival of HIV-infected macrophages.

scholarly journals CRITERIA OF RATIONAL PHARMACOTHERAPY: EVIDENCE FROM HIV TREATMENT

2018 ◽  
Vol 63 (1) ◽  
pp. 41-47
Author(s):  
N. B. Rostova ◽  
N. A. Gudilina
Keyword(s):  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Russian Federation ◽  
Clinical Laboratory ◽  
Antiretroviral Drugs ◽  
Hiv Treatment ◽  
Laboratory Diagnostics ◽  
Minimum Potential ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
Potential Impact ◽  
The Impact

Results of evaluation of the impact of drugs on indicators of clinical laboratory diagnostics as a criterion of safety of therapy are presented. Antiretroviral therapy for HIV infection was chosen as an example. Information from official sources (summary of product characteristics and medicinal product labels) on the potential impact of antiretroviral drugs registered in the Russian Federation on indicators of clinical laboratory diagnostics was analyzed and systematized. Individual INN and antiretroviral regimens recommended by WHO documents and protocols of follow-up and treatment of patients with HIV infection in the Russian Federation with the maximum and minimum potential impact on indicators of clinical laboratory diagnostics were revealed. The research results can be used to develop recommendations for the rational choice, prescription and use of medicines.

Abstract P186: Plasma Ceramides Are Associated With HIV Treatment and Increased Risk of Carotid Artery Plaque in Two Prospective HIV Cohorts

Circulation ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 137 (suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Wei Zhao ◽  
Simin Hua ◽  
Clary B Clish ◽  
Amy Deik ◽  
David B Hanna ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carotid Artery ◽  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Hiv Treatment ◽  
Infection Status ◽  
Cvd Risk ◽  
Carotid Artery Plaque ◽  
Infected People ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Prospective Cohorts ◽  
Variance Estimates

Introduction: Ceramides, a family of bioactive sphingolipids on plasma membrane, have been implicated in inflammation, immune response, and HIV infection. Recent studies have related plasma ceramides with cardiovascular diseases (CVD), but data are sparse in HIV infected people who have excess CVD risk. Methods: We profiled baseline plasma ceramides C16:0, C22:0, C24:0 and C24:1 in 737 participants aged 35-55 years (520 HIV+, 217 HIV-) from two prospective cohorts (Women’s Interagency HIV Study and Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study) and examined their associations with the risk of incident carotid artery plaque (CAP), assessed by B-mode carotid artery ultrasound imaging over a 7-year period. Plasma levels of ceramides were inverse-normal transformed. We used robust variance estimates from Poisson regression to estimate risk ratios (RRs) on CAP per standard deviation increment in ceramides. We also compared ceramide levels by HIV infection status and antiretroviral therapy (ART) use. Results: Over a 7-year follow-up, 112 individuals developed CAP (90 HIV+, 22 HIV-). After multivariate adjustment, ceramides C16:0 (RR=1.40 [95% CI: 1.09-1.79]; P <0.001) and C24:1 (RR=1.32 [1.06-1.65]; P <0.001), but not ceramides C22:0 or C24:0, were significantly associated with increased risk of CAP in all participants. Ceramides C16:0 showed stronger association with CAP in HIV+ people compared to HIV- people ( Figure ), but there was no significant effect modification by HIV infection status ( P for interaction>0.05). Compared to HIV- group, plasma ceramides C16:0, C22:0 and C24:1 were significantly ( P <0.001) higher in HIV+ group. Further analyses in HIV+ group showed that ceramides were significantly ( P < 0.001) higher in people using ART than those not using ART. Conclusions: This study reported that elevated plasma ceramides, especially C16:0, are increased with ART use and associated with HIV-related atherosclerosis. Our data suggest that ceramides might be an intermediate link between HIV infection and CVD risk.

scholarly journals Relationship between Progression to AIDS and Thrombophilic Abnormalities in HIV Infection

2008 ◽  
Vol 54 (7) ◽  
pp. 1226-1233 ◽  
Author(s):  
Willem M Lijfering ◽  
Herman G Sprenger ◽  
Rita R Georg ◽  
Piet A van der Meulen ◽  
Jan van der Meer
Keyword(s):  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Factor Viii ◽  
Arterial Thrombosis ◽  
Protein S ◽  
Hiv Treatment ◽  
Repeated Measurements ◽  
Healthy Population ◽  
Free Protein ◽  
Cell Counts ◽  
Increased Risk

Abstract Background: HIV-infected patients are at increased risk of venous and arterial thrombosis. We hypothesized that acquired thrombophilic abnormalities that could predispose to thrombosis are most pronounced in patients in advanced stages of HIV infection. Methods: We included 109 consecutive HIV-infected patients in the study and tested them twice for currently known thrombophilic abnormalities at an interval of at least 3 months (median, 3 months; range, 3–12 months). Detailed information was collected about the date of diagnosis of HIV infection, HIV treatment, and previous episodes of venous and arterial thrombosis. Results: After HIV infection was diagnosed, 16% of the patients experienced symptomatic thrombosis (venous, 10%; arterial, 6%). Repeated measurements established protein C deficiency in 9% of the patients, increased factor VIII concentrations in 41%, high fibrinogen concentrations in 22%, and free protein S deficiency in 60%. Median factor VIII concentrations were higher in patients with AIDS (CD4 cell counts &lt;2 × 108/L) than in patients with a non–AIDS-defining illness (2260 IU/L vs 1 490 IU/L; P &lt; 0.001), whereas median free protein S concentrations were lower (450 IU/L vs 580 IU/L; P &lt; 0.001). Developing AIDS was associated with increasing factor VIII concentrations and decreasing free protein S concentrations. Increasing factor VIII concentrations were correlated with increasing fibrinogen concentrations and decreasing free protein S concentrations. Conclusions: Multiple acquired and persistent thrombophilic abnormalities are more frequently observed in HIV-infected patients than in the healthy population. The frequencies of these thrombophilic abnormalities increase with the progression to AIDS. These findings may contribute to the high prevalence of venous and arterial thrombosis in HIV-infected patients.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document