Beyond the dichotomy between bottom-up and top-down: A new approach to visual perception of similarity in human faces

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ludovica Lorusso
Keyword(s):  
Visual Perception ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Human Faces

Dealing with Multiple Models in System Dynamics

2014 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 17-35 ◽  
Author(s):  
Willem L. Auping ◽  
Erik Pruyt ◽  
Jan H. Kwakkel
Keyword(s):  
System Dynamics ◽  
Simulation Models ◽  
Dynamics Simulation ◽  
Multiple Models ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Behavioural Patterns ◽  
Copper Availability

This paper introduces an approach to compare simulation runs from multiple System Dynamics simulation models. Three dynamic hypotheses regarding the uncertain evolutions of long-term copper availability are introduced and used to illustrate the new approach. They correspond to three different perspectives on the copper system (global top-down, global bottom-up, and regional top-down). Although each of these models allows to generate a wealth of behavioural patterns, the focus in this paper is on the differences in trajectories caused by different models for identical values of shared parameters and identical settings of other assumptions, not on differences in behavioural patterns caused by each of the models. Hence, differences in trajectories between the three models are identified, quantified, and classified based on a quantified measure of difference. For these models, small differences between the trajectories are only found in stable runs, while the alternative perspectives are largely responsible for medium to large differences. Hence, it is concluded that multiple dynamic hypotheses may have to be modelled when dealing with uncertain issues.

scholarly journals One or many normativities?

2019 ◽  
Vol 54 (1) ◽  
pp. 5
Author(s):  
Michał Piekarski
Keyword(s):  
Philosophy Of Science ◽  
Contemporary Philosophy ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
New Approach

The aim of the present investigation is to sketch a new approach to analysing normativity. First (§1–2) I locate the problem of normativity in the landscape of contemporary philosophy and focus on the dispute between naturalism and antinaturalism. Then (§3) I discuss the so-called top-down approach to studying normativity, to which I oppose the bottom-up approach inspired by contemporary philosophy of science (§4). I see the integration of these approaches as enabling investigations of normative phenomena that do not reduce them to just one type of normativity (e.g. morality).

scholarly journals A New Approach to Programming Language Education for Beginners with Top-Down Learning

2013 ◽  
Vol 3 (S4) ◽  
pp. 16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daisuke Saito ◽  
Tsuneo Yamaura
Keyword(s):  
Programming Languages ◽  
Programming Language ◽  
Language Education ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Basic Approaches

There are two basic approaches in learning new programming language: a bottom-up approach and a top-down approach. It has been said that if a learner has already acquired one language, the top-down approach is more efficient to learn another while, for a person who has absolutely no knowledge of any programming languages; the bottom-up approach is preferable. The major problem of the bottom-up approach is that it requires longer period to acquire the language. For quicker learning, this paper applies a top-down approach for a beginners who has not yet acquired any programming languages.

The prevalence of visual hallucinations in non-affective psychosis, and the role of perception and attention

2016 ◽  
Vol 46 (8) ◽  
pp. 1735-1747 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. M. van Ommen ◽  
M. van Beilen ◽  
F. W. Cornelissen ◽  
H. G. O. M. Smid ◽  
H. Knegtering ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Visual Perception ◽  
Performance Test ◽  
Recognition Task ◽  
Continuous Performance Test ◽  
Visual Hallucinations ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Affective Psychosis ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
Patient Groups

BackgroundLittle is known about visual hallucinations (VH) in psychosis. We investigated the prevalence and the role of bottom-up and top-down processing in VH. The prevailing view is that VH are probably related to altered top-down processing, rather than to distorted bottom-up processing. Conversely, VH in Parkinson's disease are associated with impaired visual perception and attention, as proposed by the Perception and Attention Deficit (PAD) model. Auditory hallucinations (AH) in psychosis, however, are thought to be related to increased attention.MethodOur retrospective database study included 1119 patients with non-affective psychosis and 586 controls. The Community Assessment of Psychic Experiences established the VH rate. Scores on visual perception tests [Degraded Facial Affect Recognition (DFAR), Benton Facial Recognition Task] and attention tests [Response Set-shifting Task, Continuous Performance Test-HQ (CPT-HQ)] were compared between 75 VH patients, 706 non-VH patients and 485 non-VH controls.ResultsThe lifetime VH rate was 37%. The patient groups performed similarly on cognitive tasks; both groups showed worse perception (DFAR) than controls. Non-VH patients showed worse attention (CPT-HQ) than controls, whereas VH patients did not perform differently.ConclusionsWe did not find significant VH-related impairments in bottom-up processing or direct top-down alterations. However, the results suggest a relatively spared attentional performance in VH patients, whereas face perception and processing speed were equally impaired in both patient groups relative to controls. This would match better with the increased attention hypothesis than with the PAD model. Our finding that VH frequently co-occur with AH may support an increased attention-induced ‘hallucination proneness’.

scholarly journals Shared neural mechanisms of visual perception and imagery

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nadine Dijkstra ◽  
Sander Erik Bosch ◽  
Marcel van Gerven
Keyword(s):  
Visual Perception ◽  
Frontal Cortex ◽  
Visual Imagery ◽  
Visual Experience ◽  
Neural Mechanisms ◽  
Neural Processing ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
Neural Representations

For decades, the extent to which visual imagery relies on similar neural mechanisms as visual perception has been a topic of debate. Here, we review recent neuroimaging studies comparing these two forms of visual experience. Their results suggest that there is large overlap in neural processing during perception and imagery: neural representations of imagined and perceived stimuli are similar in visual, parietal and frontal cortex. Furthermore, perception and imagery seem to rely on similar top-down connectivity. The most prominent difference is the absence of bottom-up processing during imagery. These findings fit well with the idea that imagery and perception rely on similar emulation or prediction processes.

Non-linearity of the interactions between bottom-up and top-down signals in multistable visual perception

1995 ◽  
Vol 17 (7-8) ◽  
pp. 941-947 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Taddei-Ferretti ◽  
C. Musio ◽  
S. Santillo
Keyword(s):  
Visual Perception ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Bottom Up

scholarly journals Bottoms-up! Rejecting Top-down Human-centered Approaches in Comparative Psychology

2018 ◽  
Vol 31 ◽  
Author(s):  
Taryn Eaton ◽  
Robert Hutton ◽  
Jessica Leete ◽  
Jennifer Lieb ◽  
Audrey Robeson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Psychology ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
New Approach ◽  
The Past ◽  
And Behaviors ◽  
Species Specific ◽  
Further Development

Although comparative psychologists have made considerable strides in the past several decades, expanding the breadth of species and questions examined, the field still suffers from an overemphasis on top-down approaches that begin and end with a focus on humans. This top-down perspective leads to biases and oversights that hamper the further development of the field. A bottom-up approach that considers species-specific abilities and behaviors in the context of theoretically relevant comparisons will be most useful in advancing knowledge of species-specific and shared abilities. This will allow a better determination of the extent to which continuities and discontinuities exist as a function of different ecological forces. In addition, a bottom-up approach will facilitate a shift in focus from using animals to better understand humans, to understanding animals themselves. This new approach will allow for an appreciation of how humans can benefit other species.

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