Attitudes Toward Children: Divergence Between Explicit and Implicit Measures

Abstract: We review research on response-latency based (“implicit”) measures of attitudes by examining what hopes and intentions researchers have associated with their usage. We identified the hopes of (1) gaining better measures of interindividual differences in attitudes as compared to self-report measures (quality hope); (2) better predicting behavior, or predicting other behaviors, as compared to self-reports (incremental validity hope); (3) linking social-cognitive theories more adequately to empirical research (theory-link hope). We argue that the third hope should be the starting point for using these measures. Any attempt to improve these measures should include the search for a small-scale theory that adequately explains the basic effects found with such a measure. To date, small-scale theories for different measures are not equally well developed.

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Inducing Unconscious Stress

Journal of Psychophysiology ◽

10.1027/0269-8803/a000247 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 34 (3) ◽

pp. 192-201

Author(s):

Melanie M. van der Ploeg ◽

Jos F. Brosschot ◽

Markus Quirin ◽

Richard D. Lane ◽

Bart Verkuil

Keyword(s):

Repeated Measures ◽

Activity Patterns ◽

Physiological Changes ◽

Implicit Measures ◽

Prime Word ◽

Student Sample ◽

Priming Task ◽

Subject Design ◽

The Relationship ◽

Stress And Health

Abstract. Stress-related stimuli may be presented outside of awareness and may ultimately influence health by causing repetitive increases in physiological parameters, such as blood pressure (BP). In this study, we aimed to corroborate previous studies that demonstrated BP effects of subliminally presented stress-related stimuli. This would add evidence to the hypothesis that unconscious manifestations of stress can affect somatic health. Additionally, we suggest that these findings may be extended by measuring affective changes relating to these physiological changes, using measures for self-reported and implicit positive and negative affectivity. Using a repeated measures between-subject design, we presented either the prime word “angry” ( n = 26) or “relax” ( n = 28) subliminally (17 ms) for 100 trials to a student sample and measured systolic and diastolic BP, heart rate (HR), and affect. The “angry” prime, compared to the “relax” prime, did not affect any of the outcome variables. During the priming task, a higher level of implicit negative affect (INA) was associated with a lower systolic BP and diastolic BP. No association was found with HR. Self-reported affect and implicit positive affect were not related to the cardiovascular (CV) activity. In sum, anger and relax primes elicited similar CV activity patterns, but implicit measures of affect may provide a new method to examine the relationship between (unconscious) stress and health.

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Convergent and Predictive Validity of Implicit and Explicit Anxiety Measures as a Function of Specificity Similarity and Content Similarity

European Journal of Psychological Assessment ◽

10.1027/1015-5759.24.4.254 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 24 (4) ◽

pp. 254-262 ◽

Cited By ~ 15

Author(s):

Tobias Gschwendner ◽

Wilhelm Hofmann ◽

Manfred Schmitt

Keyword(s):

Implicit Association Test ◽

Theoretical Models ◽

Implicit Measures ◽

Speech Anxiety ◽

Behavioral Indicators ◽

General Anxiety ◽

Anxious Behavior ◽

Content Similarity ◽

Implicit And Explicit ◽

Validation Strategy

In the present study we applied a validation strategy for implicit measures like the IAT, which complements multitrait-multimethod (MTMM) analyses. As the measurement method (implicit vs. explicit) and underlying representation format (associative vs. propositional) are often confounded, the validation of implicit measures has to go beyond MTMM analysis and requires substantive theoretical models. In the present study (N = 133), we employed such a model ( Hofmann, Gschwendner, Nosek, & Schmitt, 2005 ) and investigated two moderator constructs in the realm of anxiety: specificity similarity and content similarity. In the first session, different general and specific anxiety measures were administered, among them an Implicit Association Test (IAT) general anxiety, an IAT-spider anxiety, and an IAT that assesses speech anxiety. In the second session, participants had to deliver a speech and behavioral indicators of speech anxiety were measured. Results showed that (a) implicit and explicit anxiety measures correlated significantly only on the same specification level and if they measured the same content, and (b) specific anxiety measures best predicted concrete anxious behavior. These results are discussed regarding the validation of implicit measures.

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Response Interference as a Mechanism Underlying Implicit Measures

European Journal of Psychological Assessment ◽

10.1027/1015-5759.24.4.218 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 24 (4) ◽

pp. 218-225 ◽

Cited By ~ 28

Author(s):

Bertram Gawronski ◽

Roland Deutsch ◽

Etienne P. LeBel ◽

Kurt R. Peters

Keyword(s):

Task Performance ◽

Psychological Research ◽

Implicit Measures ◽

Mediation Model ◽

Response Interference ◽

Relevant Evidence ◽

Moderated Mediation Model ◽

Stimulus Features ◽

Underlying Mechanisms

Over the last decade, implicit measures of mental associations (e.g., Implicit Association Test, sequential priming) have become increasingly popular in many areas of psychological research. Even though successful applications provide preliminary support for the validity of these measures, their underlying mechanisms are still controversial. The present article addresses the role of a particular mechanism that is hypothesized to mediate the influence of activated associations on task performance in many implicit measures: response interference (RI). Based on a review of relevant evidence, we argue that RI effects in implicit measures depend on participants attention to association-relevant stimulus features, which in turn can influence the reliability and the construct validity of these measures. Drawing on a moderated-mediation model (MMM) of task performance in RI paradigms, we provide several suggestions on how to address these problems in research using implicit measures.

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Realabilities: Improving Behavioral Intentions and Attitudes Toward Children With Disabilities

PsycEXTRA Dataset ◽

10.1037/e599432013-001 ◽

2013 ◽

Author(s):

Nava R. Silton ◽

Rebecca Ruchlin ◽

Senada Arucevic

Keyword(s):

Behavioral Intentions ◽

Children With Disabilities ◽

Attitudes Toward Children

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Automatic justice is self-centered: The influence of self-relatedness on implicit measures of social justice inferences

PsycEXTRA Dataset ◽

10.1037/e633962013-787 ◽

2006 ◽

Author(s):

Jaap Ham ◽

Kees van den Bos

Keyword(s):

Social Justice ◽

Implicit Measures

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How tasty is governance? Understanding the effect of a “cooperative” label on perceived taste of food products

Recherche et Applications en Marketing (English Edition) ◽

10.1177/2051570720921996 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 35 (4) ◽

pp. 23-44

Author(s):

Axelle Faure-Ferlet ◽

Sonia Capelli ◽

William Sabadie

Keyword(s):

Transfer Process ◽

Implicit Association Test ◽

Food Products ◽

Association Test ◽

Implicit Association ◽

Implicit Measures ◽

Explicit Measures ◽

Cooperative Governance

This research investigates whether a label on cooperative governance influences the perceived taste of a product through a sensation transfer process. The first study measures perceived taste of unbranded products implicitly (via an Implicit Association Test) and explicitly (via a survey). The label improves the implicitly and explicitly perceived taste. The second study, reproducing the same protocols with branded products, confirms this result for implicitly perceived taste, but the effect of the label on explicitly perceived taste disappears. Because implicit measures are more predictive of routine purchasing than are explicit measures, we recommend spotlighting cooperative governance on food products.

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Relating Reactive and Proactive Aggression to Trait Driving Anger in Young and Adult Males: A Pilot Study Using Explicit and Implicit Measures

Sustainability ◽

10.3390/su13041850 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (4) ◽

pp. 1850

Author(s):

Veerle Ross ◽

Nora Reinolsmann ◽

Jill Lobbestael ◽

Chantal Timmermans ◽

Tom Brijs ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Pilot Study ◽

Cognitive Biases ◽

Young Male ◽

Proactive Aggression ◽

Implicit Measures ◽

Adult Males ◽

Young Males ◽

Targeted Interventions ◽

Driving Anger ◽

Reactive And Proactive Aggression

Driving anger and aggressive driving are main contributors to crashes, especially among young males. Trait driving anger is context-specific and unique from other forms of anger. It is necessary to understand the mechanisms of trait driving anger to develop targeted interventions. Although literature conceptually distinguished reactive and proactive aggression, this distinction is uncommon in driving research. Similar, cognitive biases related to driving anger, measured by a combination of explicit and implicit measures, received little attention. This pilot study related explicit and implicit measures associated with reactive and proactive aggression to trait driving anger, while considering age. The sample consisted of 42 male drivers. The implicit measures included a self-aggression association (i.e., Single-Target Implicit Association Test) and an attentional aggression bias (i.e., Emotional Stroop Task). Reactive aggression related positively with trait driving anger. Moreover, a self-aggression association negatively related to trait driving anger. Finally, an interaction effect for age suggested that only in young male drivers, higher proactive aggression related to lower trait driving anger. These preliminary results motivate further attention to the combination of explicit and implicit measures related to reactive and proactive aggression in trait driving anger research.

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