Absolute standing feedback is more influential than relative standing feedback.

Searching for new Sources of growth. Are the Developing Countries Catching up with the Developed ones?

Voprosy Ekonomiki ◽

10.32609/0042-8736-2015-10-30-53 ◽

2015 ◽

pp. 30-53

Author(s):

V. Popov

Keyword(s):

Developing Countries ◽

Western Europe ◽

Gdp Per Capita ◽

The West ◽

Catching Up ◽

The Us ◽

The World ◽

Economic Divergence ◽

Per Capita ◽

Relative Standing

This paper examines the trajectory of growth in the Global South. Before the 1500s all countries were roughly at the same level of development, but from the 1500s Western countries started to grow faster than the rest of the world and PPP GDP per capita by 1950 in the US, the richest Western nation, was nearly 5 times higher than the world average and 2 times higher than in Western Europe. Since 1950 this ratio stabilized - not only Western Europe and Japan improved their relative standing in per capita income versus the US, but also East Asia, South Asia and some developing countries in other regions started to bridge the gap with the West. After nearly half of the millennium of growing economic divergence, the world seems to have entered the era of convergence. The factors behind these trends are analyzed; implications for the future and possible scenarios are considered.

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An Update to the Squire State Court of Last Resort Professionalization Index

State Politics & Policy Quarterly ◽

10.1017/spq.2020.7 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 1-8

Author(s):

Peverill Squire ◽

Jordan Butcher

Keyword(s):

Relative Stability ◽

State Courts ◽

State Court ◽

Reform Movements ◽

Current Version ◽

The Future ◽

Relative Standing

Abstract The current version of the Squire state court of last resort professionalization index is regularly used in studies of state courts. We have updated the index for 2019, producing a second and more recent index. Given the relative stability between this index and its predecessor, it is unlikely that many findings will change. During the 15 years that lapsed between the first index and the more recent one, little changed in most states, while reforms in a few places substantially shifted the relative standing of their court of last resort. It seems unlikely that the nation will experience any sweeping reform movements impacting state courts of last resort across the board. The more likely scenario is the sort of idiosyncratic changes impacting a few courts that were witnessed over the last decade and a half. Thus, looking to the future, it may be prudent to update the index every 5–10 years to capture any notable alterations.

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Factors predicting classroom WTC in English and French as foreign languages among adult learners in Spain

Language Teaching Research ◽

10.1177/13621688211054046 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 136216882110540

Author(s):

Elvira Barrios ◽

Irene Acosta-Manzano

Keyword(s):

Adult Learners ◽

Foreign Language ◽

Language Learners ◽

Language Proficiency ◽

Language Use ◽

Willingness To Communicate ◽

French Language ◽

Study Results ◽

Language Classroom ◽

Relative Standing

This study aimed to identify associations and predictors of willingness to communicate (WTC) of adult foreign language (FL) learners and whether they are contingent upon the FL being learned. To this end, our research investigated learner variables associated with WTC in adult FL learners of English and of French in an under-researched field of WTC studies in Spain. More specifically, the following variables were studied: gender, age, level of multilingualism, perceived relative standing in the class, language proficiency, teacher’s use of the FL in class, out-of-class foreign language use (OCFLU) and the two emotions of foreign language enjoyment (FLE) and foreign language classroom anxiety (FLCA). Of the 9 independent variables examined, FLCA and language proficiency were found to be predictors of the WTC of both English and French language learners; additionally, enjoyment was found to be a predictor of WTC of learners of English as a foreign language (EFL) and OCFLU, of learners of French as a foreign language (FFL). Our findings indicate that the construct of WTC needs to be further studied as research may produce dissimilar results depending on the instructional setting, population and foreign language. Pedagogical implications for language teaching practices seeking to enhance adult FL learners’ WTC were also drawn from the study results.

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The Effect of Relative Standing on Considerations About Self-Employment

SSRN Electronic Journal ◽

10.2139/ssrn.1986151 ◽

2011 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Stefan Schneck

Keyword(s):

Self Employment ◽

Relative Standing

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Loss Aversion on the Links

International Journal of Applied Behavioral Economics ◽

10.4018/ijabe.2016100102 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 5 (4) ◽

pp. 24-40

Author(s):

Todd A. McFall

Keyword(s):

Prospect Theory ◽

Loss Aversion ◽

Utility Level ◽

Relative Standing

Prospect theory predicts that loss averse agents who fear they will not reach their reference utility level are more apt to adopt risky strategies to avoid that painful possibility compared to agents who are more sure of their relative standing. This paper tests this theory with data from professional golf events and finds evidence of economically inefficient loss aversion amongst tournament competitors. While playing par five holes, golfers who have been penalized because of a poor first shot are more likely to adopt an aggressive strategy for finishing the hole compared to their non-penalized rivals who are not feeling the burden of not meeting a preconceived reference score. The risks the penalized golfers take are economically inefficient, as their average performances are worse than their non-penalized rivals' average performances for the balance of the hole.

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Providing Business Information to Production Workers: Correlates of Compensation and Profitability

ILR Review ◽

10.1177/001979398804100409 ◽

1988 ◽

Vol 41 (4) ◽

pp. 605-617 ◽

Cited By ~ 40

Author(s):

Morris M. Kleiner ◽

Marvin L. Bouillon

Keyword(s):

Labor Market ◽

Negative Relationship ◽

Cash Flows ◽

Financial Data ◽

Business Executives ◽

Financial Condition ◽

Business Information ◽

Significant Negative Relationship ◽

Survey Responses ◽

Relative Standing

This study investigates some of the effects of a company's providing production workers with information on its financial condition, productivity, and relative standing in the labor market. Analyzing survey responses of business executives from 106 firms together with financial data on the companies from COMPUSTAT II for 1984, the authors find that information-sharing was positively related to the level of wages and benefits and unrelated to productivity in both union and nonunion businesses, and that it had a significant negative relationship to profits and cash flows in nonunion businesses.

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