Development of Avatar-Based Models and Tools for People With Intellectual Disabilities

The chapter is about development of consciousness, emotion, motivation, and level of aspiration, with the ways that people react to the psychological, traumatic experience caused by the gradual realization of incapacity. Some people with an intellectual disability are capable of learning together with normally-developing peers if provided with special support; however, there are others who will need an individual education program adapted to their capabilities. The most important focus in working with such students is the individual approach with regard to the specific mentality and health of each person. Such an approach can be achieved through instructional methods like avatar-based learning as the improved development of project-based learning.

21ST CENTURY LEARNERS OF HIGHER EDUCATION (ODL & CONVENTIONAL SYSTEM) IN RELATION TO THEIR LEVEL OF ASPIRATIONS: A CRITICAL STUDY

In the field of education motivation to learn is important for learners in all types of system in general and ODL (Open and Distance Learning) system is particular. In ODL system learners should take ownership of the learning process, should link what they are being taught and toward which they are directing their efforts. These can be characterized as their aspirations of learners. ODL institutions should know the aspirations of learners and have a mechanism to assess the level of aspiration of learners. It’s important to match between learner’s aspirations and behaviors. It is important for learners aspiring to careers, choice of courses, and enthusiasm for doing the kinds of things necessary to achieve their aspirations. Understanding learners’ aspirations is important to develop a learning culture of learners in any system of education. This type of a culture helps the learners to be a self learner, they need to consider their aspirations and make clearer and connect their plan of action with their goals. The ultimate aim is to improve the overall learning environment and supports to the success of learners. Knowing and understanding more about learner’s aspirations; valuing and implementing on such important information is crucial for any educational institution to improve learner’s outcomes and the quality of the educational process

ACADEMIC SELF-ESTEEM IN PHYSICS AND RELATIONSHIP WITH LEVEL OF INSPIRATION AT THE SIDE OF STUDENT OF DISTINGUISHED SECONDARY SCHOOL

This research aim to identify the relationship between self-esteem and level of aspiration among the fifth grade at distinguished secondary schools in center of Diwaniyah. The researcher adopted the descriptive method, the study sample consisted of (94) students (40) of them were males and (54) were females for year (2016-2017). To collect data from the study sample individuals used a measurement of self-esteem and level of aspiration. To analyze data, the researcher adopted: t- test for two independent samples. Correlative coefficient (Pearson) of correlative relationship, correlative coefficient (Alpha- Cronpatch) to identify differences. The most important findings the study concluded are: The sample of the research has got a medium self-esteem, but a high level of aspiration. The results of the study indicated a positive correlation of statistical significance between self- esteem and level of aspiration among students. There are not statistically significant differences between males and females among the secondary fifth grade students, due to gender variable. According to the above mentioned study findings, the researcher arrived at the following recommendation: deep studies on self-esteem should be conducted because it considered an important factor of educational process success. Attention should be paid to preparing guiding programmers which help developing self-esteem among the secondary school students

The Irrational Beliefs and their Relation to the Level of Aspiration among Orphanage Teenagers in Makkah: الأفكار اللاعقلانية وعلاقتها بمستوى الطموح لدى مراهقات دار الأيتام بمكة المكرمة

The aim of this study was to identify the relationship between irrational beliefs and the level of aspiration among orphan's teenagers in Makkah, The study also aimed to identify the differences between the teenagers average scores on some dimensions of a scale of level of aspiration according to (level- age), the study sample consisted of all teenager girls who were in an orphan house in Makkah called “Dar Alzhour”; they were 29 teenagers. The researchers used descriptive and comparative research design, a scale of irrational ideas; prepared by Motaaz Abdullah and Mohamd Abdulrhman (2002) and developed by the researcher, was used alongside with the scale of level of aspiration; prepared by Amal Bathah (2004) and developed by the researcher. The two scales were tested and validated in both had high level of validity and reliability. The research results showed that the average of the irrational ideas spread among the study sample was (3.38) which was average score, whereas the average of the level of aspiration was (3.48) which was a high score. There was no statistically significant relationship between the irrational beliefs and level of aspiration among the study sample, there was no statistically significant differences in the means at the degree of irrational beliefs according to (level- age), and there was no statistically significant relationship the means at the degree of aspiration level according to (level- age). The important recommendations of the researcher were as follows: to focus on preventive counseling programs aimed at educating rational and logical thinking among orphans as part of the personality education and mental health programs, to adopt modern trends in psychosocial treatment when dealing with orphans' problems, to pay attention to the employment of specialists who are prepared and qualified professionally and ethically, to investigate the surrogate mother before handing over work, and finally, to involve orphans in identifying programs and activities that reflect their needs, and integrate them into society from an early age.

The level of aspiration as an indicator of a person’s desire for financial well-being

The mobility of the modern world generates interest not only in innovative technologies but also in workers themselves, the assessment of their level of aspiration. Consequently, the level of aspiration falls into the zone of research interest and should be considered as a significant factor of human practical activity. It can be studied through diagnostic procedures aimed at identifying the structural and content components free of the professional subject orientation. This corresponds to the study of the level of aspiration on the material of aspiration for financial well-being. The conducted empirical study explores the characteristics of the level of ambition including a focus on the goal, monetary motivation, professional preferences, assessment of personal resources and capabilities. The study sample consists of 42 budgetary workers at the average age of 35. The overall direction and purpose of the empirical study are associated with revealing the characteristics of the level of ambition and its interrelation with Homo faber’s desires and expectations, motivational and personal characteristics, value orientations, and focus on the goal. The primary research method is a written questionnaire (a survey). Goal orientations are found to be quite strongly expressed in the studied sample, the respondents have developed self-respect and are not inclined to shift the blame to external circumstances but lack ambition. It is revealed that a budgetary worker desires financial well-being and high income and does not mind getting rich but is not ready to change themselves and compromise the established norms of a stable life. The level of aspiration is found to be “split”: the set objective goals are low compared to higher ones kept to oneself.

Educational Environment and Indicators of Child Development

The article presents the author's approach to the interpretation of the concept of the educational environment of the school, based on the activity theory of A. N. Leontyev and on learning activity theory of D. B. Elkonin – V. V. Davydov. Significant features of two types of educational environments – the developing educational environment and the environment based on traditional educational content – are highlighted. A broad diagnostic research into the indicators of cognitive, social and personal development of students of these two types of educational environments was carried out. The study involved 2,304 students in the 5th and 9th grades from 24 schools. To assess cognitive development, data from two tests is used: CFT2 and the “Transposition” method (author A. Z. Zak). An original diagnostic procedure has been developed to distinguish the role of factors of biological maturation and the educational environment of a particular school in the process of cognitive development of students. Several sources were used to diagnose the social aspects of student development. This is a sociometric test, analysis of interactions in the system “students-teacher,” recorded in the course of observation at the lesson (based on the author's “scheme of lesson analysis” – authors I. M. Ulanovskaya, N. I. Polivanova, E. V. Vysotskaya) and content analysis of children's essays on the topic “My school.” Indicators of personal development of students were determined by the scale “self-assessment and level of aspiration” test and the test of school anxiety (A. Prihodjan). All data was subjected to statistical and qualitative analysis. The results obtained showed a high efficiency of the developing educational environment in the cognitive development of students. This is an expected result, since the programs used in developing educational environment are aimed at developing theoretical thinking based on the development of special educational content and appropriate forms of organization of the learning process. Our results showed that educational environment developing qualitatively changes the sociometric structure of the class, making it more psychologically comfortable for students, increases cognitive motivation and reduces educational anxiety, makes self-assessment and level of aspiration more differentiated.

Emergent synergistic biopsychosocial determinants of resiliency of subjects of extreme activity

Purpose. To establish the emergent-synergistic biopsychosocial determinants of the resiliency of subjects of extreme activity.Materials and methods. To identify the determinants of resiliency 764 male subjects of various occupational groups, whose daily activities included an extreme component at a substantive level, were examined. All respondents were divided into 2 groups: a group of professionals with a high level of resiliency and a group of respondents with a low level of resiliency.Results. Comparison of biopsychosocial features of subjects of extreme activity with the different level of resiliency showed that respondents with the high level of resiliency were focused on strategic life utilization, possessedsthenichyperthymic-demonstrative type of the personality, rational perception of reality, adequate level of aspiration, satisfaction with achievements path from the past to the present. Representatives of group with the low level of resiliencypreferred tactical use of psychophysiological resources, were characterized by sthenichyperthymic type of the personality with prevalence of domination in interpersonal communication, the irrational attitude towards reality, overestimated level of aspiration with orientation towards the future achievements.

A Study on Association of Profile Characteristics with Entrepreneurial Behaviour of Commercial Floriculture Nursery Owners in Kadiyam

Study on association of profile characteristics with entrepreneurial behaviour of commercial floriculture nursery owners aimed to bring out a strategy for the policymakers and implementing agencies for entrepreneurship development in the study area. The present investigation was carried out at Kadiyam Mandal in East Godavari District of Andhra Pradesh. The present study revealed that the independent variables viz., education, land holding, experience in nursery business, training undergone, annual turnover, marketing pattern, credit acquisition and utilization, mass media exposure, material possession, social participation, extension contact, and level of aspiration have close association with entrepreneurial behaviour of commercial floriculture nursery owners. All the selected fourteen independent variables put together explained about 69.90 percent variation in the entrepreneurial behaviour of nursery owners. The partial regression coefficients implied that annual turnover, credit acquisition and utilization, land holding, material possession and education were the most important variables contributing to most of the variation in the entrepreneurial behaviour of nursery owners. Hence it is concluded that the policy makers and planners need to take up need-based efforts that help in improving those characteristics which contribute to the development of the entrepreneurial behaviour of nursery owners.