Reflexive intergroup bias in third-party punishment.

2016 ◽  
Vol 145 (11) ◽  
pp. 1448-1459 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel A. Yudkin ◽  
Tobias Rothmund ◽  
Mathias Twardawski ◽  
Natasha Thalla ◽  
Jay J. Van Bavel
Keyword(s):  
Intergroup Bias ◽  
Third Party

scholarly journals Leaving an attacked group: Authoritative criticism decreases ingroup favoritism

2019 ◽  
Vol 13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jianning Dang ◽  
Li Liu ◽  
Qianqian Zhang ◽  
Caina Li
Keyword(s):  
Social Identity ◽  
Social Identity Theory ◽  
Self Esteem ◽  
Intergroup Bias ◽  
Negative Evaluation ◽  
Third Party ◽  
Testing System ◽  
Social Self ◽  
Practical Implications ◽  
Ingroup Favoritism

AbstractResearch suggests people try to protect their social self-esteem from threats from the ingroup or the outgroup. However, how members react to a threat to social self-esteem from a third party remains unclear. Three studies were conducted to examine the influence of a threat to social self-esteem from an authoritative third party on ingroup favoritism. We explored the effect of negative (versus positive) evaluation from the testing system on explicit and implicit ingroup favoritism in Study 1 and Study 2 respectively. We compared the effect of negative evaluation posed by the testing system or the competitive outgroup on ingroup favoritism in Study 3. Results suggested that individuals experiencing a threat to social self-esteem from an authoritative third party manifested less ingroup favoritism than those experiencing no threat or outgroup threat. The theoretical implications of this research on social identity theory and the practical implications of reducing intergroup bias are discussed.

Intergroup Bias Influences Third-Party Punishment and Compensation: In-group Relationships Attenuate Altruistic Punishment

2018 ◽  
Vol 46 (8) ◽  
pp. 1397-1408 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yingjie Liu ◽  
Xiaohua Bian ◽  
Yu Hu ◽  
Ya-Ting Chen ◽  
Xuzhou Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dictator Game ◽  
Third Parties ◽  
Intergroup Bias ◽  
Third Party ◽  
Altruistic Punishment ◽  
Intergroup Relationships ◽  
Trait Empathy ◽  
Group Members ◽  
Group Relationships ◽  
Shed Light

Intergroup relationships can impact on a third party's willingness to punish a violator, but few researchers have explored how intergroup relationships affect third-party compensation tendencies. We recruited 163 participants to observe a dictator game, and then choose either to punish the dictator or compensate the recipient, each of whom could be from the participant's in-group or out-group. Third parties often chose not to punish in-group dictators and to compensate both in-group victims and out-group victims. When out-group members transgressed against the in-group, participants punished these out-group members just as often as they compensated the in-group recipients, although they punished out-group dictators more harshly than others overall. However, when both proposer and recipient came from the out-group, participants often did not intervene. We also found that third-party punishment and compensation were related to individual differences in participants' trait empathy and Machiavellianism. Our findings shed light on the modulating effect of intergroup relationships on third-party altruistic decisions.

Reflexive Intergroup Bias in Third-Party Punishment

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel A. Yudkin ◽  
Tobias Rothumnd ◽  
Mathias Twardawski ◽  
Natasha Thalla ◽  
Jay J Van Bavel
Keyword(s):  
Intergroup Bias ◽  
Third Party

Third-party fairness maintenance in five types of group relationships

2021 ◽  
Vol 49 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Zhuang Li ◽  
Gengdan Hu ◽  
Lei Xu ◽  
Yang Rui
Keyword(s):  
Dictator Game ◽  
Intergroup Bias ◽  
The Other ◽  
Third Party ◽  
The Third ◽  
The Third Party ◽  
Group Relationships ◽  
Group Member

To find out if third-party fairness maintenance is affected by group relationships, we divided participants into three groups and had them play a game of third-party fairness maintenance, in which a third party chooses between keeping (not intervening), punishing, or compensating, when the other players face unfair dictator game results. Results show that when faced with in-group unfair events, the third party tended to choose keeping or compensating strategies, and to opt not to intervene in the unfair events of the out-group. This tendency was stronger when both the dictator and the recipient belonged to the same out-group. In addition, there was intergroup bias in maintenance of third-party fairness. When the violator was an in-group member, the third party tended to use keep and compensate strategies, and chose to punish when facing violation by the out-group. Our findings illustrate the influence of group relationships on third-party fairness maintenance.

The many faces of obligation

2020 ◽  
Vol 43 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Tomasello
Keyword(s):  
Third Party ◽  
The Many ◽  
Sense Of Obligation

Abstract My response to the commentaries focuses on four issues: (1) the diversity both within and between cultures of the many different faces of obligation; (2) the possible evolutionary roots of the sense of obligation, including possible sources that I did not consider; (3) the possible ontogenetic roots of the sense of obligation, including especially children's understanding of groups from a third-party perspective (rather than through participation, as in my account); and (4) the relation between philosophical accounts of normative phenomena in general – which are pitched as not totally empirical – and empirical accounts such as my own. I have tried to distinguish comments that argue for extensions of the theory from those that represent genuine disagreement.

A Macintosh Interface for the Cameca Camebax-Micro Electron Microprobe

1990 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
pp. 438-439
Author(s):  
Carl E. Henderson
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microprobe ◽  
Processing Speed ◽  
Word Processing ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Computer Control ◽  
Third Party ◽  
Disk Storage ◽  
The Past ◽  
User Facility ◽  
Instrument Control

Over the past few years it has become apparent in our multi-user facility that the computer system and software supplied in 1985 with our CAMECA CAMEBAX-MICRO electron microprobe analyzer has the greatest potential for improvement and updating of any component of the instrument. While the standard CAMECA software running on a DEC PDP-11/23+ computer under the RSX-11M operating system can perform almost any task required of the instrument, the commands are not always intuitive and can be difficult to remember for the casual user (of which our laboratory has many). Given the widespread and growing use of other microcomputers (such as PC’s and Macintoshes) by users of the microprobe, the PDP has become the “oddball” and has also fallen behind the state-of-the-art in terms of processing speed and disk storage capabilities. Upgrade paths within products available from DEC are considered to be too expensive for the benefits received. After using a Macintosh for other tasks in the laboratory, such as instrument use and billing records, word processing, and graphics display, its unique and “friendly” user interface suggested an easier-to-use system for computer control of the electron microprobe automation. Specifically a Macintosh IIx was chosen for its capacity for third-party add-on cards used in instrument control.

Coding for Evaluation and Treatment

2008 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 9-20 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark Kander ◽  
Steve White
Keyword(s):  
Medical Record ◽  
Treatment Session ◽  
Accurate Diagnosis ◽  
Third Party ◽  
Speech Language Pathologists ◽  
Adequate Information ◽  
Diagnosis Codes ◽  
Coding Rules ◽  
Procedure Codes ◽  
The Web

Abstract This article explains the development and use of ICD-9-CM diagnosis codes, CPT procedure codes, and HCPCS supply/device codes. Examples of appropriate coding combinations, and Coding rules adopted by most third party payers are given. Additionally, references for complete code lists on the Web and a list of voice-related CPT code edits are included. The reader is given adequate information to report an evaluation or treatment session with accurate diagnosis, procedure, and supply/device codes. Speech-language pathologists can accurately code services when given adequate resources and rules and are encouraged to insert relevant codes in the medical record rather than depend on billing personnel to accurately provide this information. Consultation is available from the Division 3 Reimbursement Committee members and from [email protected] .

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