The many faces of obligation

2020 ◽  
Vol 43 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Tomasello
Keyword(s):  
Third Party ◽  
The Many ◽  
Sense Of Obligation

Abstract My response to the commentaries focuses on four issues: (1) the diversity both within and between cultures of the many different faces of obligation; (2) the possible evolutionary roots of the sense of obligation, including possible sources that I did not consider; (3) the possible ontogenetic roots of the sense of obligation, including especially children's understanding of groups from a third-party perspective (rather than through participation, as in my account); and (4) the relation between philosophical accounts of normative phenomena in general – which are pitched as not totally empirical – and empirical accounts such as my own. I have tried to distinguish comments that argue for extensions of the theory from those that represent genuine disagreement.

scholarly journals Behnke_Armbruster_Strobel - The needs of the many - Influence of personality on third-party judgments of utilitarian rule violations

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander Behnke ◽  
Diana Armbruster ◽  
Anja Strobel
Keyword(s):  
Emotional Responses ◽  
Minority Rights ◽  
Third Party ◽  
Online Study ◽  
The Third ◽  
Moral Decisions ◽  
The Many ◽  
Personality Features ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Sense Of Justice

Safeguarding the rights of minorities is crucial for just societies. However, there are conceivable situations were minority rights might seriously impede the rights of the majority. Favoring the minority in such cases constitutes a violation of utilitarian principles. To investigate the emotional, cognitive, and punitive responses of observers of such utilitarian rule transgressions, we conducted an online study with 1004 participants. Two moral scenarios (vaccine policy and epidemic) were rephrased in the third-party perspective. In both scenarios the protagonist opted against the utilitarian option which resulted in more fatalities in total, but avoided harm to a minority. The scenarios varied in whether the minority would have been harmed accidentally or deliberate. The majority of participants chose not to punish the scenarios’ protagonists at all. However, 30.5% judged that protecting the minority over the interests of the majority when only accidental harm would have occurred (vaccine policy) was worthy of punishment. In comparison, only 11.5% opted to punish a protagonist whose decision avoided deliberate harm to a minority at the cost of the majority (epidemic). Emotional responses and appropriateness ratings paralleled these results. Furthermore, complex personality × situation interactions revealed the influence of personality features, i.e., psychopathy, empathy, altruism, authoritarianism, need for cognition and faith in intuition, on participants’ responses. The results further underscore the need to consider the interaction of situational features and inter-individual differences in moral decisions and sense of justice.

scholarly journals Bit by (Twitch) Bit: “Platform Capture” and the Evolution of Digital Platforms

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 205630512093398
Author(s):  
William Clyde Partin
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Production ◽  
Third Party ◽  
Management Service ◽  
Management Tools ◽  
Digital Platforms ◽  
Business Studies ◽  
The Third ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Many

This article considers the history of donation management tools on the livestreaming platform Twitch. In particular, it details the technical and economic contexts that led to the development of Twitch Bits, a first-party donation management service introduced in 2016. Two contributions to research on the platformization of cultural production are made. One, this article expands the empirical record regarding Twitch by chronicling the role of viewer donations in livestreaming since 2010, as well as the many tools that have facilitated this practice. It is argued that this history traces the complex and co-productive interactions between Twitch as a sociotechnical architecture and a political economy. Two, by considering how the first-party donation tool Twitch Bits has gradually challenged the dominance of the third-party tools that preceded it, this article theorizes the notion of platform capture, a critical rereading of platform envelopment, a popular concept in business studies. Ultimately, it is argued that platform capture demonstrates how platform owners leverage power asymmetries over dependents to aid in their platform’s technical evolution.

scholarly journals Immunoassay as an Analytical Tool in Agricultural Biotechnology

2006 ◽  
Vol 89 (4) ◽  
pp. 913-928 ◽  
Author(s):  
G David Grothaus ◽  
Murali Bandla ◽  
Thomas Currier ◽  
Randal Giroux ◽  
G Ronald Jenkins ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Product Development ◽  
Preparation Method ◽  
Diagnostic Testing ◽  
Analytical Tool ◽  
Third Party ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Sample Preparation Method ◽  
Food And Feed ◽  
The Many ◽  
Flow Devices

Abstract Immunoassays for biotechnology engineered proteins are used by AgBiotech companies at numerous points in product development and by feed and food suppliers for compliance and contractual purposes. Although AgBiotech companies use the technology during product development and seed production, other stakeholders from the food and feed supply chains, such as commodity, food, and feed companies, as well as third-party diagnostic testing companies, also rely on immunoassays for a number of purposes. The primary use of immunoassays is to verify the presence or absence of genetically modified (GM) material in a product or to quantify the amount of GM material present in a product. This article describes the fundamental elements of GM analysis using immunoassays and especially its application to the testing of grains. The 2 most commonly used formats are lateral flow devices (LFD) and plate-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA). The main applications of both formats are discussed in general, and the benefits and drawbacks are discussed in detail. The document highlights the many areas to which attention must be paid in order to produce reliable test results. These include sample preparation, method validation, choice of appropriate reference materials, and biological and instrumental sources of error. The article also discusses issues related to the analysis of different matrixes and the effects they may have on the accuracy of the immunoassays.

A Study of the Interaction Between Depressed Patients and Their Spouses

1975 ◽  
Vol 126 (2) ◽  
pp. 164-172 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mary Hinchliffe ◽  
Douglas Hooper ◽  
F. John Roberts ◽  
Pamela W. Vaughan
Keyword(s):  
Rating Scales ◽  
Third Party ◽  
Initial Analysis ◽  
Depressed Patients ◽  
The People ◽  
Ways Of Thinking ◽  
The Many ◽  
Symptoms And Signs

This paper reports the initial analysis of a series of observations of a number of depressed patients communicating with their spouses and with a third party. This is part of a larger study which arose out of our dissatisfaction with the traditional ways of thinking about depressed patients. By and large there is general agreement about the people who are called ‘depressed’; there are constellations of symptoms and signs which can be evaluated by using one of the many rating scales for depression which have a degree of reliability and consistency. However, we feel that most of the thinking which underlies these efforts is based on presuppositions which would place ‘the depression’ within the patient, that is to say that there is something wrong within the patient which causes the symptoms and gives rise to the signs. These views are reductionist in character and we have by contrast attempted to reexamine certain aspects of depression using non-reductionist ideas.

Legal issues related to drug testing in the clinical laboratory.

1988 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 633-636 ◽  
Author(s):  
R T Chamberlain
Keyword(s):  
Drug Testing ◽  
Clinical Laboratory ◽  
Scientific Evidence ◽  
Legal Issues ◽  
Third Party ◽  
Urine Drug Testing ◽  
Urine Drug ◽  
Chain Of Custody ◽  
Urine Drug Test ◽  
The Many

Abstract As has been reported many times by the lay press, urine drug testing may pose some unique challenges. The clinical laboratory interested in industrial drug testing (typically known as employee drug testing) should be aware of the many challenges that may be brought on by the fact that the result may be contested in an adversarial proceeding. This is what makes the urine drug test a forensic test. It may be one piece of evidence or the only piece of evidence used in an adversarial proceeding that may decide on punitive or rehabilitative action against an employee. As a result, unique standards for governmental contract laboratories have been proposed from the National Institute on Drug Abuse, and special proficiency testing and accreditation procedures have been promoted by professional societies. These standards illustrate the sensitive nature of the results. Because the results are subject to adversarial proceedings, all parties concerned in the testing process should be aware of the legal issues surrounding urine drug testing. There are constitutional and statutory issues as well as tort issues such as negligence, defamation, invasion of privacy, battery, infliction of emotional distress, and others. Laboratories should be especially aware of these issues, since they may be brought in as a third-party defendant to a suit or brought in as a participant in gathering the evidence. The laboratory should also be aware of other legal ramifications such as chain of custody, expert testimony, and the acceptability of scientific evidence.

Northern Gas Pipeline project – a case study in safe, professional gas pipeline construction

2019 ◽  
Vol 59 (2) ◽  
pp. 705
Author(s):  
Leon Richards ◽  
Tony Green
Keyword(s):  
High Speed ◽  
Safety Management ◽  
Gas Pipeline ◽  
Third Party ◽  
Pipeline Construction ◽  
Safety Leadership ◽  
Pipeline Project ◽  
Construction Activity ◽  
The Many

Construction of the Northern Gas Pipeline (NGP) is a case study in safe, professional gas pipeline construction. Beginning with comprehensive and collaborative pre-planning to de-risk the project before construction; through to the holistic safety and wellbeing culture created and nurtured on site, every facet of the project has been subjected to strategic safety thinking, strong safety leadership and uncompromising safety management. And the results speak for themselves: • more than 400000 man hours and more than 280 days of physical construction activity with a total recordable frequency rate of zero (0) – no medical treatment or lost time injuries; • more than 5 million kilometres driven on the project (excluding third party transport) with no significant vehicle incidents; and • more than 53000 pipe joint movements with no dropped pipe. Through comprehensive upfront planning, strategic industry partnering and a relentless focus on safety leadership and management, this high-speed cross-country pipeline project has been successfully constructed through some of the harshest physical locations in Australia and achieved outstanding results in safety, productivity and quality. The construction of the NGP has set new benchmarks in pipeline safety performance and this paper is in recognition of our team, our customer, and the many project partners and suppliers that have helped make this possible.

scholarly journals Enabling a Freight Traffic Controller for Collaborative Multidrop Urban Logistics

2017 ◽  
Vol 2609 (1) ◽  
pp. 77-84 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julian Allen ◽  
Tolga Bektaş ◽  
Tom Cherrett ◽  
Adrian Friday ◽  
Fraser McLeod ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Third Party ◽  
Optimization Approach ◽  
Urban Centers ◽  
Urban Freight ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
True Value ◽  
Freight Traffic ◽  
Freight Logistics ◽  
Last Mile ◽  
The Many

There is increasing interest in how horizontal collaboration between parcel carriers might help alleviate problems associated with last-mile logistics in congested urban centers. Through a detailed review of the literature on parcel logistics pertaining to collaboration, along with practical insights from carriers operating in the United Kingdom, this paper examines the challenges that will be faced in optimizing multi-carrier, multidrop collection, and delivery schedules. A “freight traffic controller” (FTC) concept is proposed. The FTC would be a trusted third party, assigned to equitably manage the work allocation between collaborating carriers and the passage of vehicles over the last mile when joint benefits to the parties could be achieved. Creating this FTC concept required a combinatorial optimization approach for evaluation of the many combinations of hub locations, network configuration, and routing options for vehicle or walking to find the true value of each potential collaboration. At the same time, the traffic, social, and environmental impacts of these activities had to be considered. Cooperative game theory is a way to investigate the formation of collaborations (or coalitions), and the analysis used in this study identified a significant shortfall in current applications of this theory to last-mile parcel logistics. Application of theory to urban freight logistics has, thus far, failed to account for critical concerns including ( a) the mismatch of vehicle parking locations relative to actual delivery addresses; ( b) the combination of deliveries with collections, requests for the latter often being received in real time during the round; and ( c) the variability in travel times and route options attributable to traffic and road network conditions.

The Needs of the Many Do Not Outweigh the Needs of the Few: The Limits of Individual Sacrifice across Diverse Cultures

2018 ◽  
Vol 18 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 205-223
Author(s):  
Mark Sheskin ◽  
Coralie Chevallier ◽  
Kuniko Adachi ◽  
Renatas Berniūnas ◽  
Thomas Castelain ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Specific Pattern ◽  
Cross Cultural ◽  
Moral Judgments ◽  
Third Party ◽  
Cultural Variation ◽  
Evolutionary Theories ◽  
Evolution Of Morality ◽  
The Many ◽  
Group Welfare ◽  
Diverse Cultures

Abstract A long tradition of research in WEIRD (Western, Educated, Industrialized, Rich, Democratic) countries has investigated how people weigh individual welfare versus group welfare in their moral judgments. Relatively less research has investigated the generalizability of results across non-WEIRD populations. In the current study, we ask participants across nine diverse cultures (Bali, Costa Rica, France, Guatemala, Japan, Madagascar, Mongolia, Serbia, and the USA) to make a series of moral judgments regarding both third-party sacrifice for group welfare and first-person sacrifice for group welfare. In addition to finding some amount of cross-cultural variation on most of our questions, we also find two cross-culturally consistent judgments: (1) when individuals are in equivalent situations, overall welfare should be maximized, and (2) harm to individuals should be taken into account, and some types of individual harm can trump overall group welfare. We end by discussing the specific pattern of variable and consistent features in the context of evolutionary theories of the evolution of morality.

scholarly journals PENERAPAN SISTEM LISTRIK PLN PRABAYAR DENGAN PENGGUNAAN DAN PENGOPERASIAN KWH METER PRABAYAR SECARA IT DALAM E-PAYMENT SISTEM PULSA LISTRIK

2012 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 77
Author(s):  
Alfian Budianto ◽  
Hoga Saragih
Keyword(s):  
Electric Pulse ◽  
Third Party ◽  
Electric Pulses ◽  
Charging System ◽  
Existing Problems ◽  
Electrical Systems ◽  
Electricity System ◽  
Online Payment ◽  
Pulse Charging ◽  
The Many

Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah membangun desain sistem pembayaran dan pengisian pulsa listrik prabayar secara online. Sistem listrik prabayar yang sedang berjalan masih menuai banyak permasalahan, misalnya saja sistem masih mengharuskan pelanggan listrik untuk membeli pulsa listrik secara offline dengan mendatangi outlet-outlet penjualan token listrik, ATM, ataupun melalui perantara pihak ketiga. Diharapkan sistem pembayaran dan pengisian pulsa listrik secara online dapat mengatasi permasalahan yang ada. Pelanggan dapat melakukan pengisian pulsa kapan saja secara online melalui website dan realtime. Metode analisis penelitian yang digunakan adalah analisis kuantitatif dan analisis kualitatif untuk mengukur respons pelanggan terhadap sistem listrik prabayar yang berjalan. Hasil dari implementasi sistem listrik prabayar secara online ini diharapkan dapat mendukung perusahaan PLN dalam mengembangkan perencanaan strategi teknologi informasi dan menghasilkan inovasi baru yang dapat menyelesaikan permasalahan pada sistem listrik prabayar sebelumya. Kesimpulan dari penelitian ini pembayaran dan pengisian pulsa listrik prabayar yang efektif dan efisien mempunyai pengaruh terhadap kepuasan dan kenyamanan pelanggan. The purpose of this study is to develop online payment and prepaid electrical pulse charging system design. Prepaid electricity system is running still reap the many problems, such systems still require electricity customers to purchase electric pulse went offline with token sales outlets, electrical, ATM, or through third party intermediaries and other problems. Hopefully, online payment and charging electric pulses system can overcome the existing problems. Subscribers can reload at anytime online through website and realtime. Research methods that is used for analysis is quantitative and qualitative analysis, to measure customer responsse toward electrical prepaid system that has been running. The results of the implementation of online prepaid electricity system is expected to support the company PLN in developing information technology strategic planning and new innovations that can solve problems in electrical systems prepaid before. The conclusion from this study and the payment of electricity prepaid reload the effective and efficient to have an influence on customer satisfaction and comfort.

scholarly journals Polymerase Chain Reaction Technology as Analytical Tool in Agricultural Biotechnology

2005 ◽  
Vol 88 (1) ◽  
pp. 136-155 ◽  
Author(s):  
Markus Lipp ◽  
Raymond Shillito ◽  
Randal Giroux ◽  
Frank Spiegelhalter ◽  
Stacy Charlton ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Polymerase Chain Reaction ◽  
Agricultural Biotechnology ◽  
Diagnostic Testing ◽  
Third Party ◽  
Pcr Analysis ◽  
Chain Reaction ◽  
Polymerase Chain Reaction Technology ◽  
Pcr Technology ◽  
Polymerase Chain ◽  
The Many

Abstract The agricultural biotechnology industry applies polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technology at numerous points in product development. Commodity and food companies as well as third-party diagnostic testing companies also rely on PCR technology for a number of purposes. The primary use of the technology is to verify the presence or absence of genetically modified (GM) material in a product or to quantify the amount of GM material present in a product. This article describes the fundamental elements of PCR analysis and its application to the testing of grains. The document highlights the many areas to which attention must be paid in order to produce reliable test results. These include sample preparation, method validation, choice of appropriate reference materials, and biological and instrumental sources of error. The article also discusses issues related to the analysis of different matrixes and the effect they may have on the accuracy of the PCR analytical results.

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