Supplemental Material for To Follow or Not to Follow Your Gaze: The Interplay Between Strategic Control and the Eye Contact Effect on Gaze-Induced Attention Orienting

2021 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Eye Contact ◽  
Strategic Control ◽  
Attention Orienting ◽  
Contact Effect

scholarly journals Eye contact effect: The role of vagal regulation and reactivity, and self-regulation of attention

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alicja Niedźwiecka
Keyword(s):  
Executive Functions ◽  
Cognitive Performance ◽  
Self Regulation ◽  
Eye Contact ◽  
Autonomic Regulation ◽  
Face To Face ◽  
Effective Strategies ◽  
Contact Effect ◽  
The Individual

AbstractEye contact is a crucial aspect of social interactions that may enhance an individual’s cognitive performance (i.e. the eye contact effect) or hinder it (i.e. face-to-face interference effect). In this paper, I focus on the influence of eye contact on cognitive performance in tasks engaging executive functions. I present a hypothesis as to why some individuals benefit from eye contact while others do not. I propose that the relations between eye contact and executive functioning are modulated by an individual’s autonomic regulation and reactivity and self-regulation of attention. In particular, I propose that individuals with more optimal autonomic regulation and reactivity, and more effective self-regulation of attention benefit from eye contact. Individuals who are less well regulated and over- or under-reactive and who do not employ effective strategies of self-regulation of attention may not benefit from eye contact and may perform better when eye contact is absent. I present some studies that justify the proposed hypothesis and point to a method that could be employed to test them. This approach could help to better understand the complex mechanisms underlying the individual differences in participant’s cognitive performance during tasks engaging executive functions.

The eye contact effect in request and emblematic hand gestures

2013 ◽  
Vol 39 (5) ◽  
pp. 841-851 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francesca Ferri ◽  
Marianna Busiello ◽  
Giovanna C. Campione ◽  
Elisa De Stefani ◽  
Alessandro Innocenti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Eye Contact ◽  
Hand Gestures ◽  
Contact Effect

To follow or not to follow your gaze: The interplay between strategic control and the eye contact effect on gaze-induced attention orienting.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kyveli Kompatsiari ◽  
Francesca Ciardo ◽  
Agnieszka Wykowska
Keyword(s):  
Eye Contact ◽  
Social Aspect ◽  
Control Mechanisms ◽  
Strategic Control ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Gaze Cueing ◽  
The Gaze ◽  
Social Component ◽  
Cueing Effect ◽  
The Social

Eye contact constitutes a strong communicative signal in human interactions and has been shown to modulate various cognitive processes and states. However, little is known about its impact on gaze-mediated attentional orienting in the context of its interplay with strategic top-down control. Here, we aimed at investigating how the social component of eye contact interacts with the top-down strategic control. To this end, we designed a gaze cueing paradigm with iCub humanoid robot, in which iCub either established eye contact with the participants before averting its gaze or avoided their eyes. Across four experiments, we manipulated gaze cue validity to either elicit strategic top-down inhibitory activity (25% validity) or to allow for relaxing the control mechanisms (50% validity). Also, we manipulated the stimulus-onset-asynchrony (SOA) to examine the dynamics of the top-down modulatory effects. Our results showed that eye contact influenced the gaze cueing effect when the strategic control was not required, by prolonging the prioritized processing of the gazed-at locations. Thus, the effect was observed only when the measurement was taken after a sufficient amount of time (1000 ms SOA). However, when inhibitory control was necessary (25% validity), the social component was not potent enough to exert influence over the gaze cueing effect independently. Overall, we propose that strategic top-down control is the primary driving force over the gaze cueing effect and that the social aspect plays a modulatory effect by prolonging prioritized processing of gazed-at locations.

scholarly journals The eye contact effect: mechanisms and development

2009 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 127-134 ◽  
Author(s):  
Atsushi Senju ◽  
Mark H. Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Eye Contact ◽  
Contact Effect

scholarly journals How does perceiving eye direction modulate emotion recognition?

2010 ◽  
Vol 33 (6) ◽  
pp. 443-444 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laurence Conty ◽  
Julie Grèzes ◽  
David Sander
Keyword(s):  
Emotion Recognition ◽  
Eye Contact ◽  
Appraisal Theory ◽  
Embodied Simulation ◽  
Emotional Context ◽  
Contact Effect ◽  
Averted Gaze

AbstractNiedenthal et al. postulate that eye contact with the expresser of an emotion automatically initiates embodied simulation. Our commentary explores the generality of such an eye contact effect for emotions other than happiness. Based on the appraisal theory of emotion, we propose that embodied simulation may be reinforced by mutual or averted gaze as a function of emotional context.

A Pilot Study of Early Storybook Reading With Babies With Hearing Loss

2019 ◽  
Vol 62 (9) ◽  
pp. 3397-3412
Author(s):  
Michelle I. Brown ◽  
David Trembath ◽  
Marleen F. Westerveld ◽  
Gail T. Gillon
Keyword(s):  
Hearing Loss ◽  
Pilot Study ◽  
Visual Analysis ◽  
Single Case ◽  
Eye Contact ◽  
Preliminary Evidence ◽  
Storybook Reading ◽  
Book Selection ◽  
Turn Taking ◽  
Parent Child

Purpose This pilot study explored the effectiveness of an early storybook reading (ESR) intervention for parents with babies with hearing loss (HL) for improving (a) parents' book selection skills, (b) parent–child eye contact, and (c) parent–child turn-taking. Advancing research into ESR, this study examined whether the benefits from an ESR intervention reported for babies without HL were also observed in babies with HL. Method Four mother–baby dyads participated in a multiple baseline single-case experimental design across behaviors. Treatment effects for parents' book selection skills, parent–child eye contact, and parent–child turn-taking were examined using visual analysis and Tau-U analysis. Results Statistically significant increases, with large to very large effect sizes, were observed for all 4 participants for parent–child eye contact and parent–child turn-taking. Limited improvements with ceiling effects were observed for parents' book selection skills. Conclusion The findings provide preliminary evidence for the effectiveness of an ESR intervention for babies with HL for promoting parent–child interactions through eye contact and turn-taking.

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