Supplemental Material for Abstract Thinking Facilitates Aggregation of Information

In 1976–1978, a battery of eight neuropsychologic tests was administered to 2,123 participants in the Framingham Study aged 55 to 89 yr. The battery was designed to sample multiple areas of cognitive function including language skills, memory, learning, reproduction of designs, attention, and abstract thinking. Performance is described for several groups in this population: a large community-dwelling sample, those with hearing impairments, and those with documented strokes. Performance is described by age, sex, and education strata for the community sample. This normative information should be useful for interpreting individual test performance on neuropsychological tests.

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Robots as cognitive tools

International Journal of Cognition and Technology ◽

10.1075/ijct.1.1.08pfe ◽

2002 ◽

Vol 1 (1) ◽

pp. 125-143 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Rolf Pfeifer

Keyword(s):

Artificial Intelligence ◽

Problem Solving ◽

Main Tool ◽

Human Cognition ◽

Abstract Thinking ◽

Cognitive Tools ◽

Developmental Robotics ◽

Information Theoretic ◽

Natural Forms ◽

Over Time

Artificial intelligence is by its very nature synthetic, its motto is “Understanding by building”. In the early days of artificial intelligence the focus was on abstract thinking and problem solving. These phenomena could be naturally mapped onto algorithms, which is why originally AI was considered to be part of computer science and the tool was computer programming. Over time, it turned out that this view was too limited to understand natural forms of intelligence and that embodiment must be taken into account. As a consequence the focus changed to systems that are able to autonomously interact with their environment and the main tool became the robot. The “developmental robotics” approach incorporates the major implications of embodiment with regard to what has been and can potentially be learned about human cognition by employing robots as cognitive tools. The use of “robots as cognitive tools” is illustrated in a number of case studies by discussing the major implications of embodiment, which are of a dynamical and information theoretic nature.

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In This Issue/Abstract Thinking: How Much Do We Change Over Time?

Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry ◽

10.1016/j.jaac.2011.01.020 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 50 (4) ◽

pp. 315-316

Author(s):

Natalie Weder

Keyword(s):

Abstract Thinking ◽

Change Over Time ◽

Over Time

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Here/In This Issue and There/Abstract Thinking: Adolescence to Adulthood: Are Some Children Falling into the Gap?

Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry ◽

10.1016/j.jaac.2013.06.014 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 52 (9) ◽

pp. 885-886 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

David S. Hong

Keyword(s):

Abstract Thinking

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Collective Choice and Mutual Knowledge Structures

Advances in Complex Systems ◽

10.1142/s0219525998000156 ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 01 (02n03) ◽

pp. 221-236 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

Diana Richards ◽

Brendan D. McKay ◽

Whitman A. Richards

Keyword(s):

Complex System ◽

Social Choice ◽

Group Decision ◽

Knowledge Structure ◽

Collective Choice ◽

Sense Data ◽

Mutual Knowledge ◽

Interacting Agents ◽

Aggregation Of Information ◽

Domain Independent

The conditions under which the aggregation of information from interacting agents results in a stable or an unstable collective outcome is an important puzzle in the study of complex systems. We show that if a complex system of aggregated choice respects a mutual knowledge structure, then the prospects of a stable collective outcome are considerably improved. Our domain-independent results apply to collective choice ranging from perception, where an interpretation of sense data is made by a collection of perceptual modules, to social choice, where a group decision is made from a set of preferences held by individuals.

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