scholarly journals Memory resources recover gradually over time: The effects of word frequency, presentation rate, and list composition on binding errors and mnemonic precision in source memory.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vencislav Popov ◽  
Matthew So ◽  
Lynne M. Reder
Keyword(s):  
Word Frequency ◽  
Source Memory ◽  
Presentation Rate ◽  
Mnemonic Precision ◽  
Memory Resources ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Binding Errors

scholarly journals Memory resources recover gradually over time: The effects of word-frequency, presentation rate and list-composition on binding errors and mnemonic precision in source memory

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vencislav Popov ◽  
Matthew So ◽  
Lynne Reder
Keyword(s):  
Word Frequency ◽  
High Frequency ◽  
Continuous Distribution ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Presentation Rate ◽  
Frequency Effect ◽  
Word Frequency Effect ◽  
Reproduction Task ◽  
Memory Precision ◽  
Over Time

Normative word frequency has played a key role in the study of human memory, but there is little agreement as to the mechanism responsible for its effects. To determine whether word frequency affects binding probability or memory precision, we used a continuous reproduction task to examine working memory for spatial positions of words. In three experiments, after studying a list of five words, participants had to report the spatial location of one of them on a circle. Across experiments we varied word frequency, presentation rate and the proportion of low frequency words on each trial. A mixture model dissociated memory precision, binding failure and guessing rate parameters from the continuous distribution of errors. On trials that contained only low- or only high-frequency words, low-frequency words lead to a greater degree of error in recalling the associated location. This was due to a higher word-location binding failure and not due to differences in memory precision or guessing rates. Slowing down the presentation rate eliminated the word frequency effect by reducing binding failures for low-frequency words. Mixing frequencies in a single trial hurt high-frequency and helped low-frequency words. These findings support the idea that word frequency can lead to both positive and negative mnemonic effects depending on a trade-off between a HF encoding advantage and a LF retrieval cue advantage. We suggest that 1) low-frequency words require more resources for binding, 2) that these resources recover gradually over time, and that 3) binding fails when these resources are insufficient.

Dyads and triads of abuse, bereavement and separation: a survey in children attending a child and family centre

1998 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 131-134 ◽  
Author(s):  
Declan Sheerin
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Abuse ◽  
Sexually Abused ◽  
Clinical Presentation ◽  
Presentation Rate ◽  
Subjective Assessment ◽  
Parental Separation ◽  
Child Psychiatric ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Over Time

AbstractObjectives: To determine the frequency with which abuse, parental separation and bereavement occur on their own or together in children attending child psychiatry services and to assess the relationship between these traumas and attendance and outcome.Method: A review of all case notes over a 12 month period (n = 435) was conducted and a proforma completed. Information was gathered on clinical presentation, rate of attendance, the presence of sexual abuse, non-sexual abuse including bullying, bereavement and parental separation and a measurement of outcome by subjective assessment was made.Results: Fifty-nine per cent of the children had experienced at least one of the specified traumas; 13% had experienced two and 2.5% had experienced three. The children who had been abused or bereaved were more likely to require fairly long-term work; those who were adjusting to parental separation required less intervention over time. The children who had been sexually abused had, relatively, the poorest outcome in contrast to those adjusting to bereavement where 87% were considered to have made significant improvement.Conclusions: Bereavement, abuse and parental separation are common in children referred to the child psychiatric services and these children often require long-term intervention. Increased resources will be required in order to continue to provide adequate intervention and treatment for these children.

scholarly journals A Dynamic Approach to Recognition Memory

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gregory Edward Cox ◽  
Rich Shiffrin
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Recognition Memory ◽  
Response Time ◽  
Source Memory ◽  
Dynamic Approach ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Trade Off ◽  
The Core ◽  
Speed Accuracy ◽  
Over Time

We present a dynamic model of memory that integrates the processes of perception, retrieval from knowledge, retrieval of events, and decision making as these evolve from one moment to the next. The core of the model is that recognition depends on tracking changes in familiarity over time from an initial baseline generally determined by context, with these changes depending on the availability of different kinds of information at different times. A mathematical implementation of this model leads to precise, accurate predictions of accuracy, response time, and speed-accuracy trade-off in episodic recognition at the levels of both groups and individuals across a variety of paradigms. Our approach leads to novel insights regarding word frequency, speeded responding, context reinstatement, short-term priming, similarity, source memory, and associative recognition, revealing how the same set of core dynamic principles can help unify otherwise disparate phenomena in the study of memory.

scholarly journals Frequency effects in recognition and recall

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vencislav Popov ◽  
Lynne Reder
Keyword(s):  
Word Frequency ◽  
Memory Load ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Memory Performance ◽  
Stimulus Frequency ◽  
Presentation Rate ◽  
Human Memory ◽  
Cued Recall ◽  
Dual Process ◽  
Frequency Effects

Stimulus frequency, which is often evaluated using normative word frequency, is among the variables that have the most diverse and puzzling effects on memory. Word frequency can either facilitate or impair memory performance depending on the study and testing conditions. Understanding why and under what conditions frequency has positive or negative effects on performance is crucial for understanding basic properties about the human memory system. As a result, the study of word frequency has led to the development of multiple memory models. This chapter summarizes the current knowledge concerning word frequency effects on item recognition, associative recognition, free recall, cued recall, serial recall, and source memory. We also discuss how word frequency interacts with manipulations concerning presentation rate, list-composition, age of the participants, memory load, midazolam injections, response deadlines and remember-know judgements. This review of frequency effects in memory identified four major classes of empirical findings, which can be further subdivided into a total of 21 key phenomena that any theory should account for. Based on these phenomena, we identify three high-level principles that characterize the diverse effects of frequency on memory – the probe dependency principle, the dual process principle, and the resource demands principle.

scholarly journals The Effects Of Communication Mediums On The Evolution Of Modern And Contemporary Western Poetry

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah Ostapchuk
Keyword(s):  
Word Frequency ◽  
Past Century ◽  
Change Over Time ◽  
Frequency Word ◽  
The Past ◽  
Over Time

This study analyses how popular communication mediums over the past century have changed the form and content of poetry. A periodical and small magazine published in 1912 are assessed and compared, as well as an anthology and several poems from Instagram published in 2014. All poems are also briefly compared to get an understanding of change over time. Medium affordances are considered, especially with respect to multimodal capacities. By assessing vocabulary density, word frequency, word distinctiveness, and visual formatting, characteristics of poetry from specific mediums arise, leading to a conclusion that mediums have an effect on the evolution of poetry.

scholarly journals Forgetting is a Feature, not a Bug: Intentionally Forgetting Some Things Helps Us Remember Others by Freeing up Working Memory Resources

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vencislav Popov ◽  
Ivan Marevic ◽  
Jan Rummel ◽  
Lynne Reder
Keyword(s):  
Word Pair ◽  
Cued Recall ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Verbal Rehearsal ◽  
Dual Task Paradigm ◽  
Memory Resources ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Prior Item

We used an item-method directed forgetting paradigm to test whether instructions to forget or to remember one item in a list affects memory for the subsequent item in that list. In two experiments, we found that free and cued recall were higher when a word-pair was preceded during study by a to-be-forgotten (TBF) word pair. This effect was cumulative – performance was higher when more of the preceding items during study were TBF. It also interacted with lag between study items – the effect decreased as the lag between the current and a prior item increased. Experiment 2 used a dual-task paradigm in which we suppressed either verbal rehearsal or attentional refreshing during encoding. We found that neither task removed the effect, thus the advantage from previous TBF items could not be due to rehearsal or attentional borrowing. We propose that storing items in long-term memory depletes a limited pool of resources that recovers over time, and that TBF items deplete fewer resources, leaving more available for storing subsequent items. A computational model implementing the theory provided excellent fits to the data.

scholarly journals Forgetting Is a Feature, Not a Bug: Intentionally Forgetting Some Things Helps Us Remember Others by Freeing Up Working Memory Resources

2019 ◽  
Vol 30 (9) ◽  
pp. 1303-1317 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vencislav Popov ◽  
Ivan Marevic ◽  
Jan Rummel ◽  
Lynne M. Reder
Keyword(s):  
Word Pair ◽  
Limited Resource ◽  
Directed Forgetting ◽  
Memory Formation ◽  
Verbal Rehearsal ◽  
Dual Task Paradigm ◽  
List Experiment ◽  
Memory Resources ◽  
Preceding Study ◽  
Over Time

In the present study, we used an item-method directed-forgetting paradigm to test whether instructions to forget or remember one item affect memory for subsequently studied items. In two experiments ( Ns = 138 and 33, respectively), recall was higher when a word pair was preceded during study by a to-be-forgotten word pair. This effect was cumulative: Performance increased when more preceding study items were to be forgotten. The effect decreased when memory was conditioned on instructions for items appearing farther back in the study list. Experiment 2 used a dual-task paradigm that suppressed, during encoding, verbal rehearsal or attentional refreshing. Neither task removed the effect, ruling out that rehearsal or attentional borrowing is responsible for the advantage conferred from previous to-be-forgotten items. We propose that memory formation depletes a limited resource that recovers over time and that to-be-forgotten items consume fewer resources, leaving more resources available for storing subsequent items. A computational model implementing the theory provided excellent fits to the data.

scholarly journals The Effects Of Communication Mediums On The Evolution Of Modern And Contemporary Western Poetry

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah Ostapchuk
Keyword(s):  
Word Frequency ◽  
Past Century ◽  
Change Over Time ◽  
Frequency Word ◽  
The Past ◽  
Over Time

This study analyses how popular communication mediums over the past century have changed the form and content of poetry. A periodical and small magazine published in 1912 are assessed and compared, as well as an anthology and several poems from Instagram published in 2014. All poems are also briefly compared to get an understanding of change over time. Medium affordances are considered, especially with respect to multimodal capacities. By assessing vocabulary density, word frequency, word distinctiveness, and visual formatting, characteristics of poetry from specific mediums arise, leading to a conclusion that mediums have an effect on the evolution of poetry.

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