Marine species richness

SUMMARYWe studied the component community of lung-worms of the harbour porpoise, attempting to establish the relative importance of ecological and evolutionary factors on its development. The lungs of 64 porpoises by-caught in Norwegian waters were examined for helminths. Three pseudaliid species were detected. The porpoises appear to be readily colonized by lung-worms, the structure of the component community of calves being fairly similar to that of the remainder. Prenatal and/or transmammary infections might partly account for these early infections. However, host age was correlated with the number of lung-worm species, suggesting that the lung-worms may have heteroxenous cycles similar to other metastrongyloids. The lung-worm species tended to co-occur more often than expected by chance. This pattern is commonly observed in communities formed by phylogenetic relatives. Mean species richness of lung nematodes differed significantly among mammalian orders. However, species richness of marine species seemed very similar to those of most terrestrial species. This evidence suggests that phylogenetic factors seem more important than ecological ones in determining the number of lung-worm species in mammals.

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A new look at age and area: the geographic and environmental expansion of genera during the Ordovician Radiation

Paleobiology ◽

10.1017/s0094837300019813 ◽

1997 ◽

Vol 23 (4) ◽

pp. 410-419 ◽

Cited By ~ 69

Author(s):

Arnold I. Miller

Keyword(s):

Species Richness ◽

Marine Species ◽

Global Scale ◽

Direct Link ◽

Geographic Ranges ◽

Higher Taxa ◽

Kinetics Of ◽

New Look

Although available paleobiological data indicate that the geographic ranges of marine species are maintained throughout their entire observable durations, other evidence suggests, by contrast, that the ranges of higher taxa expand as they age, perhaps in association with increased species richness. Here, I utilize a database of Ordovician genus occurrences collected from the literature for several paleocontinents to demonstrate that a significant aging of the global biota during the Ordovician Radiation was accompanied by a geographic and environmental expansion of genus ranges. The proportion of genera occurring in two or more paleocontinents in the database, and two or more environmental zones within a six-zone onshore-offshore framework, increased significantly in the Caradocian and Ashgillian. Moreover, widespread genera tended to be significantly older than their endemic counterparts, suggesting a direct link between their ages and their environmental and geographic extents. Expansion in association with aging was corroborated further by demonstrating this pattern directly among genera that ranged from the Tremadocian through the Ashgillian. Taken together, these results are significant not only for what they reveal about the kinetics of a major, global-scale diversification, but also for what they suggest about the interpretation of relationships between diversity trends at the α (within-community) and β (between-community) levels.

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Estimating marine species richness: an evaluation of six extrapolative techniques

Marine Ecology Progress Series ◽

10.3354/meps248015 ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 248 ◽

pp. 15-26 ◽

Cited By ~ 57

Author(s):

A Foggo ◽

MJ Attrill ◽

MT Frost ◽

AA Rowden

Keyword(s):

Species Richness ◽

Marine Species

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Marine Species Richness Is Bimodal with Latitude: A Reply to Fernandez and Marques

Trends in Ecology & Evolution ◽

10.1016/j.tree.2017.02.007 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 32 (4) ◽

pp. 234-237 ◽

Cited By ~ 31

Author(s):

Chhaya Chaudhary ◽

Hanieh Saeedi ◽

Mark J. Costello

Keyword(s):

Species Richness ◽

Marine Species

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Habitat Availability and Heterogeneity and the Indo-Pacific Warm Pool as Predictors of Marine Species Richness in the Tropical Indo-Pacific

PLoS ONE ◽

10.1371/journal.pone.0056245 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 8 (2) ◽

pp. e56245 ◽

Cited By ~ 53

Author(s):

Jonnell C. Sanciangco ◽

Kent E. Carpenter ◽

Peter J. Etnoyer ◽

Fabio Moretzsohn

Keyword(s):

Species Richness ◽

Marine Species ◽

Warm Pool ◽

Habitat Availability ◽

Pacific Warm Pool

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Species richness and interacting factors control invasibility of a marine community

Proceedings of The Royal Society B Biological Sciences ◽

10.1098/rspb.2015.0439 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 282 (1812) ◽

pp. 20150439 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

M. L. Marraffini ◽

J. B. Geller

Keyword(s):

Species Richness ◽

Native Species ◽

Biotic Resistance ◽

Marine Species ◽

Indigenous Species ◽

Total Species Richness ◽

Species Recruitment ◽

Non Indigenous Species ◽

Total Species

Anthropogenic vectors have moved marine species around the world leading to increased invasions and expanded species' ranges. The biotic resistance hypothesis of Elton (in The ecology of invasions by animals and plants , 1958) predicts that more diverse communities should have greater resistance to invasions, but experiments have been equivocal. We hypothesized that species richness interacts with other factors to determine experimental outcomes. We manipulated species richness, species composition (native and introduced) and availability of bare space in invertebrate assemblages in a marina in Monterey, CA. Increased species richness significantly interacted with both initial cover of native species and of all organisms to collectively decrease recruitment. Although native species decreased recruitment, introduced species had a similar effect, and we concluded that biotic resistance is conferred by total species richness. We suggest that contradictory conclusions in previous studies about the role of diversity in regulating invasions reflect uncontrolled variables in those experiments that modified the effect of species richness. Our results suggest that patches of low diversity and abundance may facilitate invasions, and that such patches, once colonized by non-indigenous species, can resist both native and non-indigenous species recruitment.

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Mediterranean Red Macro Algae Mats as Habitat for High Abundances of Serpulid Polychaetes

Diversity ◽

10.3390/d13060265 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (6) ◽

pp. 265

Author(s):

Felix I. Rossbach ◽

Edoardo Casoli ◽

Milan Beck ◽

Christian Wild

Keyword(s):

Species Richness ◽

Mediterranean Sea ◽

Habitat Type ◽

Marine Species ◽

Abundant Species ◽

Posidonia Oceanica ◽

Conservation Strategies ◽

Tyrrhenian Sea ◽

The Mediterranean ◽

Taxonomic Groups

The Mediterranean Sea harbors more than 17,000 eukaryotic marine species, with several ecosystems recognized as biodiversity hotspots, such as Posidonia oceanica meadows. Recent research indicates that benthic mats formed by the fleshy red alga Phyllophora crispa are also associated with high species richness. Among key groups found in these mats are sessile polychaetes, which live as epiphytes on the red algae thalli. Knowledge of abundance, species richness, and spatial variation of polychaetes associated with these habitats is still scarce. We carried out a comparative assessment focusing on serpulid polychaetes within samples from P. crispa mats and neighboring P. oceanica meadows at six different sampling sites around Giglio Island (Tyrrhenian Sea, Italy). A total of 17 serpulid taxa were identified. The abundance of serpulids (5665 individuals m−2 of P. crispa mat) were similar to neighboring P. oceanica meadows (2304 individuals m−2 leaves and 5890 individuals m−2 shoots). The number of serpulid taxa was significantly higher in P. crispa mats (average 6.63 ± 1.32 taxa) compared to P. oceanica beds (average 1.56 ± 0.63 and 1.84 ± 1.04 taxa in leaves and shoots, respectively). Within habitat type, there were no significant differences in species richness between sites. The most abundant species found was Josephella marenzelleri (61% of individuals), while Vermiliopsis spp. and Bathyvermilia sp. were exclusively found in P. crispa samples. Our results highlight that P. crispa mats host an exceptional diversity and that these habitats should be included in conservation strategies. Further research should focus on the significance of other important taxonomic groups within these mats and evaluate the distribution of P. crispa in different regions of the Mediterranean Sea.

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Mapping marine species richness and endemicity at global scales

10.7287/peerj.preprints.26501v1 ◽

2018 ◽

Author(s):

Mark J Costello ◽

Tri Arifanti ◽

Chhaya Chaudhary ◽

Dinusha Jayathilake ◽

Han-Yang Lin ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Species Richness ◽

Environmental Variables ◽

Marine Species ◽

Marine Biodiversity ◽

Ecological Interactions ◽

Global Pattern ◽

Global Context ◽

Evolutionary Origins ◽

Habitat Variation ◽

Razor Clams

Understanding biodiversity at local and regional requires a global context. This talk presents the global pattern of marine species richness and endemicity, including latitude and depth. We compare maps of marine species endemicity across all taxa (65,000 species), and particular taxa (razor clams, amphipods, polychaetes, seagrass, jellyfish, bryozoans, fish), with a new map of marine ecosystems based on analysis of 20 environmental variables. We show how species richness increases with temperature but dips at the equator, and decreases with depth. Thirty biogeographic realms are distinguished based on species endemicity, with more in coastal than offshore areas. Species richness and endemicity are higher in benthic than pelagic taxa, and macro- than micro- and mega-fauna. However, we should expect individual taxa to vary from these overall patterns due to their evolutionary origins and competition with other taxa; and patterns within geographic regions to vary due to constancy of some environmental variables (e.g. temperature) and local scale habitat variation. Thus nesting of taxon and regional studies within this global context may indicate how ecological interactions have shaped the global evolution of marine biodiversity.

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Mapping marine species richness and endemicity at global scales

10.7287/peerj.preprints.26501 ◽

2018 ◽

Author(s):

Mark J Costello ◽

Tri Arifanti ◽

Chhaya Chaudhary ◽

Dinusha Jayathilake ◽

Han-Yang Lin ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Species Richness ◽

Environmental Variables ◽

Marine Species ◽

Marine Biodiversity ◽

Ecological Interactions ◽

Global Pattern ◽

Global Context ◽

Evolutionary Origins ◽

Habitat Variation ◽

Razor Clams

Understanding biodiversity at local and regional requires a global context. This talk presents the global pattern of marine species richness and endemicity, including latitude and depth. We compare maps of marine species endemicity across all taxa (65,000 species), and particular taxa (razor clams, amphipods, polychaetes, seagrass, jellyfish, bryozoans, fish), with a new map of marine ecosystems based on analysis of 20 environmental variables. We show how species richness increases with temperature but dips at the equator, and decreases with depth. Thirty biogeographic realms are distinguished based on species endemicity, with more in coastal than offshore areas. Species richness and endemicity are higher in benthic than pelagic taxa, and macro- than micro- and mega-fauna. However, we should expect individual taxa to vary from these overall patterns due to their evolutionary origins and competition with other taxa; and patterns within geographic regions to vary due to constancy of some environmental variables (e.g. temperature) and local scale habitat variation. Thus nesting of taxon and regional studies within this global context may indicate how ecological interactions have shaped the global evolution of marine biodiversity.

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