scholarly journals Accumulation of mutations in genes associated with sexual reproduction contributed to the domestication of a vegetatively propagated staple crop, enset

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kiflu Gebramicael Tesfamicael ◽  
Endale Gebre ◽  
Timothy J. March ◽  
Beata Sznajder ◽  
Diane E. Mather ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Reproduction ◽  
Fragment Length Polymorphism ◽  
Geographical Location ◽  
Flower Initiation ◽  
Wild Populations ◽  
Drought Tolerant ◽  
Genotype By Sequencing ◽  
Viable Seeds ◽  
Staple Crop ◽  
Immense Potential

Abstract Enset (Ensete ventricosum (Welw.) Cheesman) is a drought tolerant, vegetatively propagated crop that was domesticated in Ethiopia. It is a staple food for more than 20 million people in Ethiopia. Despite its current importance and immense potential, enset is among the most genetically understudied and underexploited food crops. We collected 230 enset wild and cultivated accessions across the main enset producing regions in Ethiopia and applied amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) and genotype by sequencing (GBS) analyses to these accessions. Wild and cultivated accessions were clearly separated from each other, with 89 genes found to harbour SNPs that separated wild from cultivated accessions. Among these, 17 genes are thought to be involved in flower initiation and seed development. Among cultivated accessions, differentiation was mostly associated with geographical location and with proximity to wild populations. Our results indicate that vegetative propagation of elite clones has favoured capacity for vegetative growth at the expense of capacity for sexual reproduction. This is consistent with previous reports that cultivated enset tends to produce non-viable seeds and flowers less frequently than wild enset.

scholarly journals Accumulation of mutations in genes associated with sexual reproduction contributed to the domestication of a vegetatively propagated staple crop, enset

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kiflu Gebramicael Tesfamicael ◽  
Endale Gebre ◽  
Timothy J March ◽  
Beata Sznajder ◽  
Diane E. Mather ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Reproduction ◽  
Fragment Length Polymorphism ◽  
Geographical Location ◽  
Flower Initiation ◽  
Wild Populations ◽  
Drought Tolerant ◽  
Genotype By Sequencing ◽  
Viable Seeds ◽  
Staple Crop ◽  
Immense Potential

AbstractEnset (Ensete ventricosum (Welw.) Cheesman) is a drought tolerant, vegetatively propagated crop that was domesticated in Ethiopia. It is a staple food for more than 20 million people in Ethiopia. Despite its current importance and immense potential, enset is among the most genetically understudied and underexploited food crops. We collected 230 enset wild and cultivated accessions across the main enset producing regions in Ethiopia and applied amplified fragment length polymorphism and genotype by sequencing (GBS) methods to these accessions. Wild and cultivated accessions were clearly separated from each other, with 89 genes found to harbour SNPs that separated wild from cultivated accessions. Among these, 17 genes are thought to be involved in flower initiation and seed development. Among cultivated accessions, differentiation was mostly associated with geographical location and with proximity to wild populations. Our results indicate that vegetative propagation of elite clones has favoured capacity for vegetative growth at the expense of capacity for sexual reproduction. This is consistent with previous reports that cultivated enset tends to produce non-viable seeds and flowers less frequent than wild enset.

scholarly journals Genetic variability of marine shrimp in the Brazilian industry

2013 ◽  
Vol 48 (8) ◽  
pp. 968-974 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rodrigo Maggioni ◽  
Maria Raquel Moura Coimbra ◽  
Raimundo Bezerra da Costa ◽  
Fábio Mendonça Diniz ◽  
Wagner Franco Molina ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Variability ◽  
Central America ◽  
Microsatellite Loci ◽  
Geographical Location ◽  
Genetic Distances ◽  
Wild Populations ◽  
Marine Shrimp ◽  
Variability Level ◽  
Recent Origin ◽  
Polymorphic Microsatellite

The objective of this work was to estimate the genetic variability level and distribution in Brazilian broodstocks of marine shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei). Nine of the country's largest hatcheries were evaluated using codominant and highly polymorphic microsatellite markers. The results obtained from genotyping of ten microsatellite loci are indicative of genetic variability that is compatible with that found in wild populations of L. vannamei in Mexico and Central America. A possible explanation is the highly diversified and relatively recent origin of the available broodstocks. Bayesian analysis detected a signal for five founding populations. The distribution of genetic distances partially reflects geographical location, and this information will be useful for the creation of new broodstocks. Therefore, L. vannamei genetic variability among nine of the largest national hatcheries can be considered high.

scholarly journals Genetic diversity in wild and hatchery populations of stinging catfish (Heteropneustes fossilis Bloch) revealed by RAPD analysis

2012 ◽  
Vol 19 ◽  
pp. 81-87
Author(s):  
Md Nazrul Islam ◽  
Abhishak Basak ◽  
Dr Ashrafullah ◽  
Md Samsul Alam
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Genetic Variation ◽  
Length Polymorphism ◽  
Fragment Length ◽  
Fragment Length Polymorphism ◽  
Gene Diversity ◽  
Similarity Index ◽  
Heteropneustes Fossilis ◽  
Wild Populations ◽  
Polymorphic Loci

Context: DNA fingerprinting using genetic markers such as Random Amplification of Polymorphic DNA (RAPD), Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP), microsatellite (Simple sequence repeat), Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism (AFLP) etc. can be successfully used to reveal genetic variation within and among different populations. Objective: The aim of the present study was to assess genetic diversity in two wild and one hatchery populations of stinging catfish Heteropneustes fossilis by RAPD fingerprinting. Materials and Methods: A total of 90 live fish (H. fossilis), 30 from each source, were collected from a beel in Patuakhali, a beel in Jessore and Rupali Hatchery, Mymensingh. Genomic DNA was extracted from fin tissues. The concentration of DNA was estimated using a spectrophotometer. Fifteen decamer primers of random sequence from three kits (six from kit A, seven from kit B and two from kit C) (Operon technologies, Inc., Alameda, CA, USA) were screened on sub-samples of one randomly chosen H. fossilis DNA sample from the each population to test their suitability for amplifying RAPDs. The amplified products from each sample were separated by electrophoresis on 1.4% agarose gel containing ethidium bromide. The sizes of the bands were calculated using the software DNAFRAG and the sizes in base pair (bp) were used for identification of the bands (RAPD markers). The similarity index values (SI) between the RAPD fingerprint of any two individuals on the same gel were calculated from RAPD band sharing. Results: A total of 28 RAPD bands were obtained using four decamer random primers, among which 21 bands were polymorphic. The percentage of polymorphic loci, intra-population similarity indices and Nei's gene diversity values were 85.71%, 78.75 and 0.304±0.183 for Jessore population, 83.71%, 82.62 and 0.280±0.159 for Patuakhali population, 82.14%, 85.25 and 0.271±0.165 for Rupali hatchery population, respectively. The overall gene flow (Nm) among the populations was 5.755. The highest inter-similarity (Sij) was found between Patuakhali - Rupali hatchery populations. Among the three populations, the highest genetic distance (0.069) was found between Jessore and Patuakhali population. Considering polymorphic loci, intrapopulation similarity index and gene diversity the genetic variation in the Jessore population was higher than the other two populations. The genetic variation of the hatchery population was found to be lower than the two wild populations. Conclusion: The result of the present study can be used as baseline information regarding the genetic variation and population structure before undertaking any breeding programme. Study indicated that the genetic variation in the hatchery populations were slightly lower than those of the wild populations. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jbs.v19i0.13005 J. bio-sci. 19 81-87, 2011

Optimization of bulked AFLP analysis and its application for exploring diversity of natural and cultivated populations of red clover

Genome ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
pp. 474-486 ◽  
Author(s):  
D Herrmann ◽  
B Boller ◽  
F Widmer ◽  
R Kölliker
Keyword(s):  
Trifolium Pratense ◽  
Genetic Resource ◽  
Fragment Length Polymorphism ◽  
Red Clover ◽  
Aflp Analysis ◽  
Wild Populations ◽  
Temperate Grasslands ◽  
Trifolium Pratense L ◽  
Cultivated Populations ◽  
Methodological Considerations

Landraces and wild populations of red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) may represent a significant yet poorly characterized genetic resource of temperate grasslands. A bulking strategy with amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) markers was optimized to characterize 120 red clover populations in 6 different groups: Swiss wild clover populations, Mattenklee landraces, Mattenklee cultivars, field clover cultivars, Dutch wild clover populations, and Dutch landraces. Analysis of 2 bulked samples/population consisting of 20 plants each with12 AFLP primer combinations was found optimal for determining genetic diversity and relationships within and among red clover populations and groups. Swiss wild clover populations were clearly separated from all other red clover groups and variability within and among populations was shown to be particularly high in wild clover populations and Mattenklee landraces, emphasising their value as genetic resources for improvement of red clover cultivars, as well as for conservation and restoration of biodiversity. This study shows that the ancestry of red clover landraces is primarily found in introduced cultivars rather than in natural wild clover populations. In addition, the methodological considerations presented here may help improve diversity analyses using bulked samples.Key words: AFLP, bulked samples, Trifolium pratense L., cultivars, landraces, wild populations.

scholarly journals Drought adversely affects tuber development and nutritional quality of the staple crop cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz)

2013 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 195 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rebecca Vandegeer ◽  
Rebecca E. Miller ◽  
Melissa Bain ◽  
Roslyn M. Gleadow ◽  
Timothy R. Cavagnaro
Keyword(s):  
Manihot Esculenta ◽  
Nutritional Quality ◽  
Tuber Yield ◽  
Cyanogenic Glucosides ◽  
Tuber Development ◽  
Manihot Esculenta Crantz ◽  
Drought Tolerant ◽  
Young Leaves ◽  
Staple Crop

Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) is the staple food source for over 850 million people worldwide. Cassava contains cyanogenic glucosides and can be toxic to humans, causing paralysing diseases such as konzo, and even death if not properly processed. Konzo epidemics are often associated with times of drought. This may be due to a greater reliance on cassava as it is drought tolerant, but it may also be due to an increase in cyanogenic glucosides. Episodic droughts are forecast to become more common in many cassava-growing regions. We therefore sought to quantify the effect of water-stress on both yield and cyanogenic glucoside concentration (CNc) in the developing tubers of cassava. Five-month-old plants were grown in a glasshouse and either well watered or droughted for 28 days. A subset of droughted plants was re-watered half way through the experiment. Droughted plants had 45% fewer leaves and lower tuber yield, by 83%, compared with well-watered plants. CNc was 2.9-fold higher in the young leaves of droughted plants, whereas CNc in tubers from droughted plants was 4-fold greater than in tubers from well-watered plants. Re-watered plants had a similar biomass to control plants, and lower CNc than droughted plants. These findings highlight the important link between food quality and episodic drought.

scholarly journals LABORATORY CULTURE OF THE SEAGRASS, Halophila ovalis (R.BR.) HOOKER F.

2008 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Japar Sidik Bujang ◽  
Lim Lai Huat ◽  
Muta Harah Zakaria ◽  
Azis Arshad ◽  
Hisao Ogawa
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Reproduction ◽  
Vegetative Propagation ◽  
Culture System ◽  
Laboratory Culture ◽  
Seedling Development ◽  
Light Regime ◽  
Progressive Development ◽  
Halophila Ovalis ◽  
Viable Seeds ◽  
Female Flowers

A small-culture system for growing of Halophila ovalis was developed. Plugs of explants were successfuly grown in the native substrate and under the light regime of ~200 imol m-2 s-1. The culturing of H. ovalis in the laboratory permitted observations on (i) the sustain growth and the development of the population, (ii) the reproductive biology (flowering and fruiting) and (iii) the pattern of seedling development from seeds to mature plants. Plants increased in density via vegetative propagation and sexual reproduction. Plants produced male, female flowers and fruits. The presence of viable seeds and seedlings demonstrated the successful pollination and sexual reproduction of H. ovalis in culture. The morphology of progressive development of H. ovalis seedlings to juvenile or young plants for H. ovalis in culture is described.

scholarly journals Investigation of the Origin of Aronia mitschurinii using Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism Analysis

HortScience ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 48 (5) ◽  
pp. 520-524 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter J. Leonard ◽  
Mark H. Brand ◽  
Bryan A. Connolly ◽  
Samuel G. Obae
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Fragment Length ◽  
Fragment Length Polymorphism ◽  
Group Method ◽  
Polymorphism Analysis ◽  
Wild Populations ◽  
Pair Group ◽  
Black Chokeberry ◽  
Fourth Species ◽  
Distinct Morphology

Aronia Medik., commonly known as chokeberry, is a genus of deciduous, multistemmed, rosaceous shrubs native to eastern North America. Three species of chokeberry are commonly accepted, A. arbutifolia (L.) Pers., red chokeberry, A. melanocarpa (Michx.) Elliott, black chokeberry, and A. prunifolia (Marshall) Rehder, or purple chokeberry. In Europe, a fourth species of human origin is recognized as Aronia mitschurinii A.K.Skvortsov & Maitul. In North America this type of Aronia is described as cultivars of A. melanocarpa, including ‘Viking’, ‘Nero’, and ‘Aron’. This species is characterized by near homogeneity of the population, tetraploidy, and a distinct morphology with more robust stems, wider leaf blades, and larger fruits than wild populations of A. melanocarpa. It has been proposed that this genotype originated from Russian pomologist Ivan Michurin’s early 20th century experiments involving Aronia × Sorbus hybridization. In this study we used amplified fragment length polymorphic (AFLP) markers to elucidate the relationships of A. mitschurinii to wild North American Aronia, ×Sorbaronia C.K. Schneid, Sorbus L., and six additional genera from subtribe Pyrinae (Rosaceae). Data from seven primer combinations were interpreted by the NTSYSpc software package into a similarity matrix using Jaccard’s coefficient. Clustering of AFLP similarity data using the unweighted pair group method with arithmetic mean (UPGMA) identified A. mitschurinii as distinct from wild Aronia, grouping it close to ×Sorbaronia fallax C. K. Schneid. and ×Sorbaronia ‘Ivan’s Beauty’. Non-metric multidimensional scaling (nMDS) also demonstrated a relationship between A. mitschurinii, ×Sorbaronia fallax, a ×Sorbaronia × Aronia backcross and compound-leaved Sorbus.

scholarly journals Sexual reproduction in freshwater fairy shrimp, Dendrocephalus brasiliensis (Pesta, 1921) inferred by Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism markers

2013 ◽  
Vol 43 (6) ◽  
pp. 1076-1081
Author(s):  
Suzianny Maria Bezerra Cabral da Silva ◽  
Leilane Bruna Gomes dos Santos ◽  
José Patrocínio Lopes ◽  
Alfredo Olivera Gálvez ◽  
Maria Raquel Moura Coimbra
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Reproduction ◽  
Fragment Length Polymorphism ◽  
Partial Replacement ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Mendelian Segregation ◽  
The Past ◽  
Dependent Behavior ◽  
Alternative Sources ◽  
Parthenogenetic Reproduction

Fluctuations in world harvests of Artemia sp cysts have increased prices sharply in the past years. Several organisms have been tested as alternative sources for a total or partial replacement of Artemia sp, among which the microcrustacean (Anostraca) Dendrocephalus brasiliensis stands out. The objective of this study was to investigate the reproductive strategy of D. brasiliensis by means of AFLP markers. The distinction between sexual and parthenogenetic reproduction was conducted using 7 EcoRI and MseI primer combinations in a full-sib family composed of 13 progenies. Forty polymorphic markers were obtained, of these, 35% were from paternal origin and 65% were maternally inherited. Results showed mendelian segregation in all markers through the chi-square at P≤0.05. Sex changes were observed after 72 hours of grouping individuals of the same sex in a container, suggesting a possible sex density-dependent behavior. Paternal inheritance revealed that this species adopts sexual reproduction under experimental conditions.

scholarly journals Laboratory investigation and comparison of Salmonella Brandenburg cases in New Zealand

1998 ◽  
Vol 121 (1) ◽  
pp. 49-55 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. M. WRIGHT ◽  
M. BRETT ◽  
J. BENNETT
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Gel Electrophoresis ◽  
Fragment Length Polymorphism ◽  
Geographical Location ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Human Infection ◽  
Pulsed Field Gel Electrophoresis ◽  
Strain Diversity ◽  
Typing Methods ◽  
Plasmid Profiling

An apparent increase in the incidence of S. Brandenburg in New Zealand, coupled with the possibility that the virulence of the organism may also be changing, prompted this study.Three typing methods: macro-restriction fragment length polymorphism (MRFLP) profiling using pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), plasmid profiling and antimicrobial susceptibility profiling were used to determine strain diversity amongst 115 recent and historical isolates of S. Brandenburg from both human cases and non-human sources.Antimicrobial resistance was noted only in three isolates. Plasmids of varying sizes were found in 31 isolates. MRFLP analysis resulted in 13 different patterns. Combining the three sets of typing data yielded 24 composite types. Comparison of composite type, isolation date and geographical location of case allowed the retrospective recognition of seven potential clusters during the 5-year study period. Composite types of 24 (80%) of the non-human isolates tested were indistinguishable from human isolates, suggesting that human infection may be via a number of vehicles.Although not cost-effective for routine use on all salmonella isolates, the methods used in this study are an important adjunct to serotyping for discrimination within an emerging serotype.

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