scholarly journals Sugar transporters enable a leaf beetle to accumulate plant defense compounds

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhi-Ling Yang ◽  
Hussam Hassan Nour-Eldin ◽  
Sabine Hänniger ◽  
Michael Reichelt ◽  
Christoph Crocoll ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plant Defense ◽  
Flea Beetle ◽  
Malpighian Tubule ◽  
Transport Processes ◽  
The Body ◽  
Malpighian Tubules ◽  
Major Facilitator Superfamily ◽  
Herbivorous Insects ◽  
Specialist Herbivore ◽  
Defense Compounds

AbstractMany herbivorous insects selectively accumulate plant toxins for defense against predators; however, little is known about the transport processes that enable insects to absorb and store defense compounds in the body. Here, we investigate how a specialist herbivore, the horseradish flea beetle, accumulates glucosinolate defense compounds from Brassicaceae in the hemolymph. Using phylogenetic analyses of coleopteran major facilitator superfamily transporters, we identify a clade of glucosinolate-specific transporters (PaGTRs) belonging to the sugar porter family. PaGTRs are predominantly expressed in the excretory system, the Malpighian tubules. Silencing of PaGTRs leads to elevated glucosinolate excretion, significantly reducing the levels of sequestered glucosinolates in beetles. This suggests that PaGTRs reabsorb glucosinolates from the Malpighian tubule lumen to prevent their loss by excretion. Ramsay assays corroborated the selective retention of glucosinolates by Malpighian tubules of P. armoraciae in situ. Thus, the selective accumulation of plant defense compounds in herbivorous insects can depend on the ability to prevent excretion.

scholarly journals Sugar transporters enable a leaf beetle to accumulate plant defense compounds

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhi-Ling Yang ◽  
Hussam Hassan Nour-Eldin ◽  
Sabine Hänniger ◽  
Michael Reichelt ◽  
Christoph Crocoll ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plant Defense ◽  
Flea Beetle ◽  
Malpighian Tubule ◽  
Transport Processes ◽  
The Body ◽  
Malpighian Tubules ◽  
Major Facilitator Superfamily ◽  
Herbivorous Insects ◽  
Specialist Herbivore ◽  
Defense Compounds

AbstractMany herbivorous insects selectively accumulate plant toxins for defense against predators; however, little is known about the transport processes that enable insects to absorb and store defense compounds in the body. Here, we investigate how a specialist herbivore, the horseradish flea beetle, accumulates high amounts of glucosinolate defense compounds in the hemolymph. Using phylogenetic analyses of coleopteran membrane transporters of the major facilitator superfamily, we identified a clade of glucosinolate-specific transporters (PaGTRs) belonging to the sugar porter family.PaGTRexpression was predominantly detected in the excretory system, the Malpighian tubules. Silencing ofPaGTRs led to elevated glucosinolate excretion, significantly reducing the levels of sequestered glucosinolates in beetles. This suggests thatPaGTRs reabsorb glucosinolates from the Malpighian tubule lumen to prevent their loss by excretion. Ramsay assays performed with dissected Malpighian tubules confirmed a selective retention of glucosinolates. Thus, the selective accumulation of plant defense compounds in herbivorous insects can depend on the ability to prevent excretion.

Sequestration of Plant Defense Compounds by Insects: From Mechanisms to Insect–Plant Coevolution

2022 ◽  
Vol 67 (1) ◽  
pp. 163-180
Author(s):  
Franziska Beran ◽  
Georg Petschenka
Keyword(s):  
Analytical Chemistry ◽  
Plant Defense ◽  
Specific Resistance ◽  
Resistance Mechanisms ◽  
Herbivorous Insects ◽  
Defense Compounds ◽  
Comparative Genome ◽  
Fitness Advantage ◽  
Plant Associations ◽  
Transcriptome Analyses

Plant defense compounds play a key role in the evolution of insect–plant associations by selecting for behavioral, morphological, and physiological insect adaptations. Sequestration, the ability of herbivorous insects to accumulate plant defense compounds to gain a fitness advantage, represents a complex syndrome of adaptations that has evolved in all major lineages of herbivorous insects and involves various classes of plant defense compounds. In this article, we review progress in understanding how insects selectively accumulate plant defense metabolites and how the evolution of specific resistance mechanisms to these defense compounds enables sequestration. These mechanistic considerations are further integrated into the concept of insect–plant coevolution. Comparative genome and transcriptome analyses, combined with approaches based on analytical chemistry that are centered in phylogenetic frameworks, will help to reveal adaptations underlying the sequestration syndrome, which is essential to understanding the influence of sequestration on insect–plant coevolution.

scholarly journals Neurochemical fine tuning of a peripheral tissue: peptidergic and aminergic regulation of fluid secretion by Malpighian tubules in the tobacco hawkmoth M. sexta

2002 ◽  
Vol 205 (13) ◽  
pp. 1869-1880 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. J. V. Skaer ◽  
D. R. Nässel ◽  
S. H. P. Maddrell ◽  
N. J. Tublitz
Keyword(s):  
Extracellular Fluid ◽  
Malpighian Tubule ◽  
Fluid Secretion ◽  
The Body ◽  
Malpighian Tubules ◽  
Adult Brain ◽  
Fine Tuning ◽  
Small Subset ◽  
Larval Brain ◽  
Pharate Adult

SUMMARY The actions of various peptides and other compounds on fluid secretion by Malpighian tubules in the tobacco hawkmoth Manduca sexta sexta are investigated in this study. Using a newly developed pharate adult Malpighian tubule bioassay, we show that three tachykinin-related peptides (TRPs),leucokinin I, serotonin (5-HT), octopamine, the cardioacceleratory peptides 1a, 1b and 2c, cGMP and cAMP each cause an increase in the rate of fluid secretion in pharate adult tubules. Whereas the possible hormonal sources of biogenic amines and some of the peptides are known, the distribution of TRPs has not been investigated previously in M. sexta. Thus we performed immunocytochemistry using an anti-TRP antiserum. We show the presence of TRP-like material in a small subset of cells in the M. sexta central nervous system (CNS). The larval brain contains approximately 60 TRP-immunopositive cells and there are approximately 100 such cells in the adult brain including the optic lobes. Every ganglion of the ventral nerve cord also contains TRP-like immunoreactive cells. No TRP-containing neurosecretory cells were seen in the CNS, but endocrine cells of the midgut reacted with the antiserum. We propose the hypothesis that the control in insects of physiological systems by hormones may not always involve tissue-specific hormones that force stereotypical responses in their target systems. Instead, there may exist in the extracellular fluid a continuous broadcast of information in the form of a chemical language to which some or all parts of the body continuously respond on a moment-to-moment basis, and which ensures a more effective and efficient coordination of function than could be achieved otherwise.

Fine Structure of the Malpighian Tubules of the Mosquito, Culex pipiens

1971 ◽  
Vol 29 ◽  
pp. 402-403
Author(s):  
Brendan Clifford
Keyword(s):  
Fine Structure ◽  
Culex Pipiens ◽  
Stellate Cell ◽  
Malpighian Tubule ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Instar Larva ◽  
Malpighian Tubules ◽  
Calliphora Erythrocephala ◽  
Distinct Cell ◽  
Basal Plasma

An ultrastructural investigation of the Malpighian tubules of the fourth instar larva of Culex pipiens was undertaken as part of a continuing study of the fine structure of transport epithelia.Each of the five Malpighian tubules was found to be morphologically identical and regionally undifferentiated. Two distinct cell types, the primary and stellate, were found intermingled along the length of each tubule. The ultrastructure of the stellate cell was previously described in the Malpighian tubule of the blowfly, Calliphora erythrocephala by Berridge and Oschman.The basal plasma membrane of the primary cell is extremely irregular, giving rise to a complex interconnecting network of basal channels. The compartments of cytoplasm entrapped within this system of basal infoldings contain mitochondria, free ribosomes, and small amounts of rough endoplasmic reticulum. The mitochondria are distinctive in that the cristae run parallel to the long axis of the organelle.

Memoirs: Peristalsis in the Malpighian Tubules of Diptera, Preliminary Account: with a note on the Elimination of Calcium Carbonate from the Malpighian Tubules of Drosophila Funebris

1925 ◽  
Vol s2-69 (275) ◽  
pp. 385-398
Author(s):  
L. EASTHAM
Keyword(s):  
Calcium Carbonate ◽  
Basement Membrane ◽  
Longitudinal Muscle ◽  
The Body ◽  
Malpighian Tubules ◽  
Preliminary Account ◽  
Longitudinal Muscles ◽  
Adult Drosophila

1. The proximal regions of the Malpighian tubules of Drosopbila funebris and Calliphora erythro cephala are supplied with systems of circular and longitudinal muscles external to the basement membrane. 2. These muscles are continuous with those of the mid-gut. 3. There is a terminal muscle to each anterior tubule in Drosophila funebris connected to the alar muscles of the pericardial septum. 4. Peristalsis has been observed in the proximal regions of the tubules, caused by the circular muscles. 5. The tubules exhibit a waving movement, probably due to the longitudinal muscle-bands of the lower or proximal ends of the tubules. 6. Calcium carbonate is stored in the terminal portions of the anterior tubules of Drosophila funebris. 7. This calcium carbonate is not eliminated at the beginning of metamorphosis, but is passed to the gut about the sixth day of pupal life, and is only expelled from the body on the emergence of the adult. 8. Calcium carbonate is found in the Malpighian tubules of the adult Drosophila funebris.

Anti-diuresis in the blood-feeding insect Rhodnius prolixus Stål: the peptide CAP2b and cyclic GMP inhibit Malpighian tubule fluid secretion.

1997 ◽  
Vol 200 (17) ◽  
pp. 2363-2367 ◽  
Author(s):  
M C Quinlan ◽  
N J Tublitz ◽  
M J O'Donnell
Keyword(s):  
Cyclic Gmp ◽  
Physiological Role ◽  
Malpighian Tubule ◽  
Fluid Secretion ◽  
Blood Feeding ◽  
Rhodnius Prolixus ◽  
Malpighian Tubules ◽  
Tubule Fluid ◽  
Secretion Rates

Rhodnius prolixus eliminates NaCl-rich urine at high rates following its infrequent but massive blood meals. This diuresis involves stimulation of Malpighian tubule fluid secretion by diuretic hormones released in response to distention of the abdomen during feeding. The precipitous decline in urine flow that occurs several hours after feeding has been thought until now to result from a decline in diuretic hormone release. We suggest here that insect cardioacceleratory peptide 2b (CAP2b) and cyclic GMP are part of a novel mechanism of anti-diuresis. Secretion rates of 5-hydroxytryptamine-stimulated Malpighian tubules are reduced by low doses of CAP2b or cyclic GMP. Maximal secretion rates are restored by exposing tubules to 1 mmol l-1 cyclic AMP. Levels of cyclic GMP in isolated tubules increase in response to CAP2b, consistent with a role for cyclic GMP as an intracellular second messenger. Levels of cyclic GMP in tubules also increase as urine output rates decline in vivo, suggesting a physiological role for this nucleotide in the termination of diuresis.

The permeability properties of septate junctions in Malpighian tubules of Rhodnius

1987 ◽  
Vol 88 (2) ◽  
pp. 251-265 ◽  
Author(s):  
H.B. Skaer ◽  
S.H. Maddrell ◽  
J.B. Harrison
Keyword(s):  
Structural Characteristics ◽  
Malpighian Tubule ◽  
Malpighian Tubules ◽  
Septate Junctions ◽  
Blood Sucking ◽  
Effects Of Ph ◽  
Intercellular Clefts ◽  
Luminal Flow ◽  
Tubule Cells ◽  
Positively Charged

This paper describes the structural characteristics and permeability properties of the smooth septate junctions between the upper Malpighian tubule cells of a blood-sucking bug, Rhodnius prolixus. The permeability of the paracellular route was tested only for solutes that could be demonstrated not to cross the epithelium via the cellular route. The intercellular clefts were readily permeated by sucrose, inulin and polyethylene glycol (PEG), showing a higher permeability to molecules of smaller radius (PEG versus sucrose). Negatively charged molecules permeated the clefts more readily than positively charged ones. The effects of pH, urea and luminal flow rate on permeability were studied. The results are discussed in relation to the physiological tightness of the Malpighian tubules to certain solutes and to its function as an excretory epithelium.

scholarly journals Active transport of brilliant blue FCF across the Drosophila midgut and Malpighian tubule epithelia

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dawson B.H. Livingston ◽  
Hirva Patel ◽  
Andrew Donini ◽  
Heath A. MacMillan
Keyword(s):  
Traumatic Injury ◽  
Malpighian Tubule ◽  
Malpighian Tubules ◽  
Brilliant Blue ◽  
Barrier Dysfunction ◽  
Concentration Gradients ◽  
Barrier Disruption ◽  
Brilliant Blue Fcf ◽  
Summary Statement

AbstractUnder conditions of stress, many animals suffer from epithelial barrier disruption that can cause molecules to leak down their concentration gradients, potentially causing a loss of organismal homeostasis, further injury or death. Drosophila is a common insect model, used to study barrier disruption related to aging, traumatic injury, or environmental stress. Net leak of a non-toxic dye (Brilliant blue FCF) from the gut lumen to the hemolymph is often used to identify barrier failure under these conditions, but Drosophila are capable of actively transporting structurally-similar compounds. Here, we examined whether cold stress (like other stresses) causes Brilliant blue FCF (BB-FCF) to appear in the hemolymph of flies fed the dye, and if so whether Drosophila are capable of clearing this dye from their body following chilling. Using in situ midgut leak and transport assays as well as Ramsay assays of Malpighian tubule transport, we tested whether these ionoregulatory epithelia can actively transport BB-FCF. In doing so, we found that the Drosophila midgut and Malpighian tubules can mobilize BB-FCF via an active transcellular pathway, suggesting that elevated concentrations of the dye in the hemolymph may occur from increased paracellular permeability, reduced transcellular clearance, or both.Summary StatementDrosophila are able to actively secrete Brilliant blue FCF, a commonly used marker of barrier dysfunction

Amino-Acid Metabolism in Locust Tissues

1957 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
pp. 276-289
Author(s):  
B. A. KILBY ◽  
ELISABETH NEVILLE
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
Amino Acid Metabolism ◽  
Acid Metabolism ◽  
Schistocerca Gregaria ◽  
Fat Body ◽  
Malpighian Tubule ◽  
Malpighian Tubules ◽  
Acid Oxidase ◽  
Amino Acid Oxidase ◽  
Mitochondrial Fractions

1. Homogenates of fat-body of Schistocerca gregaria Forsk. were shown to catalyse transamination reactions between α-ketoglutarate and numerous α-amino acids. The aspartate/glutamate and alanine/glutamate transaminases were the most active. They were present in both the ‘soluble’ and the mitochondrial fractions of fat-body cells and also in Malpighian tubules and mid-gut wall. The other transaminases in the fat-body were confined to the mitochondrial fraction. 2. Fat-body, Malpighian tubule and mid-gut wall homogenates were able to convert glutamic acid into glutamine, a compound which could also act as an amino-group donor in some transamination reactions. 3. A glutamate-cytochrome c reductase system which involved diphosphopyridine nucleotide was present in fat-body. 4. Fat-body contained an active arginase, but urease could not be detected. A D-amino-acid oxidase was present, together with a less active L-amino-acid oxidase. 5. In general, it appears that amino-acid metabolism in the locust resembles that in higher animals.

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