PEWARNAAN ALAMI DAN SINTETIS LIMBAH SISIK IKAN SEBAGAI POTENSI PERHIASAN/ AKSESORIS MODE

Result from interview with Manado fish scale handicraft industry stakeholder states that wantex is commonly used as colorant for fish scales, resulting in rather vivid and plastic-like colors. Through a series of experiment using natural and synthetic colorants, turmeric (yellow), red yeast rice (red), and synthetic food colorant (Brilliant Blue FCF) are most applicable colorants, producing good results on fish scales. Combinations of these three colorants produce many good secondary colors with new and mild gradations and translucency, very potential to be developed for fashion jewelry explorations which use snapper fish scale as the main material. Key words : colorant, natural, synthetic, fish, scale, snapper Dari hasil wawancara industri kerajinan sisik ikan Manado, wantex tekstil digunakan sebagai zat pewarna sisik ikan sehingga hasil warna yang didapat cenderung pekat dan seperti plastik. Melalui berbagai uji pewarna alami dan sintetis, kunyit (kuning), angkak (merah) dan pewarna makanan sintetis biru (Biru Brilliant FCF) merupakan pewarna yang paling mudah untuk diaplikasikan dan juga menghasilkan warna yang baik pada sisik ikan. Pencampuran ketiga warna tersebut menghasilkan banyak warna sekunder dengan gradasi dan translusensi sisik ikan yang baru dan berwarna lembut sehingga potensial digunakan untuk eksplorasi perhiasan mode berbahan dasar sisik ikan kakap. Kata Kunci: pewarna, alami, sintetis, sisik, ikan, kakap

Edible additive effects on zebrafish cardiovascular functionality with hydrodynamic assessment

Food coloring is often used as a coloring agent in foods, medicines and cosmetics, and it was reported to have certain carcinogenic and mutagenic effects in living organisms. Investigation of physiological parameters using zebrafish is a promising methodology to understand disease biology and drug toxicity for various drug discovery on humans. Zebrafish (Danio rerio) is a well-acknowledged model organism with combining assets such as body transparency, small size, low cost of cultivation, and high genetic homology with humans and is used as a specimen tool for the in-vivo throughput screening approach. In addition, recent advances in microfluidics show a promising alternative for zebrafish manipulation in terms of drug administration and extensive imaging capability. This pilot work highlighted the design and development of a microfluidic detection platform for zebrafish larvae through investigating the effects of food coloring on cardiovascular functionality and pectoral fin swing ability. The zebrafish embryos were exposed to the Cochineal Red and Brilliant Blue FCF pigment solution in a concentration of (0.02‰, 0.2‰) cultured in the laboratory from the embryo stage to hatching and development until 9 days post fertilization (d.p.f.). In addition, zebrafish swimming behaviors in terms of pectoral fin beating towards the toxicity screening were further studied by visualizing the induced flow field. It was evidenced that Cochineal Red pigment at a concentration of 0.2‰ not only significantly affected the zebrafish pectoral fin swing behavior, but also significantly increased the heart rate of juvenile fish. The higher concentration of Brilliant Blue FCF pigment (0.2%) increased heart rate during early embryonic stages of zebrafish. However, zebrafish exposed to food coloring did not show any significant changes in cardiac output. The applications of this proposed platform can be further extended towards observing the neurobiological/hydrodynamic behaviors of zebrafish larvae for practical applications in drug tests.

Enhanced Photodegradation of Synthetic Dyes Mediated by Ag3PO4-Based Semiconductors under Visible Light Irradiation

Four silver phosphate-based materials were successfully synthesized, characterized, and evaluated, together with TiO2, in the photodegradation of synthetic dyes (tartrazine, Orange II, rhodamine, and Brilliant Blue FCF) under two irradiation sources centered at 420 and 450 nm. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) images showed different topologies of the synthesized materials, whereas diffuse reflectance spectra demonstrated that they display absorption up to 500 nm. Degradation experiments were performed in parallel with the silver materials and TiO2. Upon irradiation centered at 420 nm, the abatement of the dyes was slightly more efficient in the case of TiO2—except for Orange II. Nevertheless, upon irradiation centered at 450 nm, TiO2 demonstrated complete inefficiency and silver phosphates accomplished the complete abatement of the dyes—except for Brilliant Blue FCF. A careful analysis of the achieved degradation of dyes revealed that the main reaction mechanism involves electron transfer to the photogenerated holes in the valence band of silver photocatalysts, together with the direct excitation of dyes and the subsequent formation of reactive species. The performance of TiO2 was only comparable at the shorter wavelength when hydroxyl radicals could be formed; however, it could not compete under irradiation at 450 nm since the formed superoxide anion is not as reactive as hydroxyl radicals.

Considerations on the Toxicity of Brilliant Blue FCF Aqueous Solutions before and after Ozonation

The food dyes have a potential toxic effect on aquatic organisms which trigger the necessity of their removal from industrial or urban wastewaters. Many different removal methods were investigated for this purpose, but the ozonation and advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) were successfully applied in this field. However, the majority of studies emphasized that color removal by ozonation process did not report a complete mineralization of the dye and the resulted by-products may have a greater toxicity than the original compound. In this context, the paper presents a comparative ecotoxicity study of the dye Brilliant Blue FCF (BB FCF) before and after ozone treatment. The BB FCF toxic effect, before and after ozonation was investigated on crustacean (Daphnia magna), lethal or inhibitory concentrations for 50% of tested organisms (LC50 / EC50) were used to estimate the effect level. The dye showed no toxicity on crustacean (CL50/CE50]100mg/L) before ozonation. The ozonized solutions presented a high toxicity for crustaceans compared to initial dye due to the by-products occurrence.

Smectitic clays enriched with ferric ions for the rapid removal of anionic dyes in aqueous media

Sodium smectite clays were enriched with ferric ions (Argel-Fe and Volclay-Fe) to convert the surface charge of the clays from negative to positive and to use the clays in the discolouration of a synthetic effluent composed of seven anionic dyes (mixed from tartrazine, Brilliant Blue FCF and amaranth). The iron content increased from 5.99% to 11.02% for Argel-Fe and from 5.39% to 10.54% for Volclay-Fe. The efficiency of the discolouration of the anion dye mixture was evaluated by measuring the absorbance of the mixture at 562 nm, where the band with the greatest intensity was found. The contact time required for the system to reach equilibrium was ~5 min for both adsorbents. The kinetic adsorption data supported a pseudo-second-order kinetic model. The experimental data support the dual-site Langmuir–Freundlich isotherm model. The maximum adsorption capacities were 88.68 mg g–1 for Argel-Fe and 392.21 mg g–1 for Volclay-Fe. The enrichment of clays with Fe(III) added functionality to the clays and generated adsorbents with rapid adsorption abilities and high discolouration capacities.

Green Synthesis of Biogenic Silver Nanoparticles for Efficient Catalytic Removal of Harmful Organic Dyes

The present article reports an environmentally benign method for synthesizing silver nanoparticles using the fruit extract of Viburnum opulus L. as a source of bioactive compounds, which can act as reducing agents of the silver ions and also as stabilizing agents of the obtained nanoparticles. The catalytic ability of the synthesized silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) to remove toxic organic dyes was also evaluated. The biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles was firstly confirmed by UV-Vis spectral analysis, which revealed the presence of the characteristic absorption peak at 415 nm corresponding to the surface plasmon vibration of colloidal silver. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) studies were conducted to confirm the presence of bioactive phytocompounds, especially phenolics, as capping and stabilizing agents of the AgNPs. The size, morphology and crystalline nature of the synthesized AgNPs were investigated by transmission electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction techniques revealing that the obtained nanoparticles were spherical shaped, with an average diameter of 16 nm, monodispersed, face centered cubic nanoparticles. Further, the catalytic ability in the degradation of tartrazine, carmoisine and brilliant blue FCF dyes by NaBH4 was evaluated. The results demonstrated an efficient activity against all the investigated dyes being an outstanding catalyst for the degradation of brilliant blue FCF. This eco-friendly synthetic approach can generate new tools useful in environmental pollution control.